Intriguing Camera Work in Zeffirelli’s Film, Hamlet Essay example -- M

Intriguing Camera Work in Zeffirellis Film, settlementThe three-dimensional camera work of Zeffirelli in Hamlet emphasizes the charge methods and intrigues carried out by the forces of good and of lousiness. In the opening scene, Elsinore Castle looms over the soldiers and people standing outside. The camera angle forces one to look up at the dark castle then the camera surveys the people, revealing that the condemnable from witnhin the castle is not self-contained but looms over and affects everyone in Denmark.Inside the castle during the funeral, Claudius, the homo who exemplifies evil, is focused on several generation by the camera. The first picture of him is from a short distance, minimizing his presence. As the funeral proceeds, however, three closeups make him appear more evil for there is no sorrow in his face, only a scheming, hawklike look as he watches every movement of Gertrude and Hamlet. The closeups besides bring him from a contradictory observer to one that is in control, having taken the place of King by ruline over his dead brother.As the King and Queen are sitting on the throne announcing their marriage, the camera gives a distant, roaming observer view by circling the room while continually having them, especially Claudius, as the focal point. This emphasizes once again that his evil ways are spread throughout the faggotdom and arent easily contained in one person or one location.There are several times in the movie when the camera shows surveillance done by Hamlet, who represents good, of those who are opposed to him. The action of focusing on Hamlet from his vantage point also emphasizes that hes one step ahead of everyone else because of his insight, and this also helps him in his cause.For example, when ... ...ly. This will be the final test in the war between good and evil, though Hamlet doesnt have the advantage this time of knowing the depth of the plot, despite his suspicions.After the fatally wounded Laertes points the fin ger at the king, Claudius, who has been a silent observer to Laertes confession, backs up, seek to distance himself from being the focal point responsible for the evil that has taken place. However, he is unsuccessful, as a raging Hamlet follows him. The closeup of Hamlet killing the king twice amplifies his triumph.After the final closeup on Hamlet lying in Horatios arms, the camera draws back to include the whole company of people looking on what has just taken place. The viewpoint might be seen as that of heaven, emphasizing that though in the beginning evil had loomed over the kingdom, now righteousness has been restored in Denmark.

Educational Technology Essay -- Computers Schooling Essays

Educational Technology Education is probably the most important thing in vivification that somewhatone can obtain. There are many levels of education. These levels begin at Kindergarten and Pre-K and continue on through grade school, junior high school, high school, and undergraduate colleges if so chosen. Then the possibility of graduate school is in the interest of some student and is required for better pay and even in some career fields.Education has undergone many changes over the past 2 decades at all levels. Many of the changes have undergone due to the increasing number of technological advancements in the ways teachers educate and the ways that students learn. The greatest technological achievement to enter the educational realm has been the creation of the PC. One of the first PC to be utilise in the classroom for educational purposes was introduced by Macintosh. The Apple computer, I can remember, was the first computer I used in grade school. On this PC, students were introduced to 2 dimensional computer programs designed to enhance the mind of students and introduced student to concepts that could be applied in the classroom. With the computer, a number of students could have a hands-on bodily function that was fun and designed to be fun while working on assignments. The floppy disk was black and was actually floppy. John Sculley wrote an article about computers and their military unit on education. The article was published in September of 1988 in T H E Journal (Technological Horizons In Education). The abstract readThe effectiveness of computers in schools has been demonstrated, and business, government, and education must now work together to further the integration of technology and education. It is necessary to identify when a... ...ool. Dec. 2002 v42 i4 p4. WD & S produceMultimedia Schools. Helping them do it at Home. Mary Alice Anderson. March-April 2003. v10 i2 p19. Information Today, Inc.The Science Teacher. Field Trips onlin e Investigating water quality through the Internet. Bruce H. Munson. Jan. 2003. v70 i1 p44-49.Telephony. Going to school via Fiber. John Price. May 9, 1988 v214 n19 p28. Telephony Publishing Corp. 1988.T H E (Technological Horizons In Education) Journal. Applications Online system speeds admissions process. Elizabeth Greengield. Nov.1990 v18 n4 p43. Information Synergy Inc. 1990. T H E (Technological Horizons In Education) Journal. CD-Rom New Technology with look for for Education. Dennis F. Tanner. August 1988 v16 n1 p57. Information Synergy Inc. 1988 Picture Copywright http//www.microchip.com/index.asp

Struggles within the Younger family in the play A Raisin in the Sun Ess

Struggles within the jr. family in the play A Raisin in the SunA Raisin In The SunRolling in the DustOh- so now its life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used tobe life- now its bullion. I guess the world very do change (74).This quote reveals the economic struggles within the Younger family inthe play A Raisin in the Sun. Throughout the play, Mamas views are atodds with Walters views. For Walter, who feels enslaved in his joband life, money is the truest freedom. To him, money seems to be theanswer to everything. Money, he believes, allows people to livecomfortable and carefree lives. It also seems to him that moneydefines a man by measuring his success and ability to provide for hisfamily. As for Mama, anything is more valuable than material wealth.The lack of money in the Younger family inhibited the growth ofsuccess. It is not easy for people to rise whose qualities arethwarted by poverty, exactly what happened with the Youngers.To the characters in the play, lack of mo ney is the group of all evil.Success is absent from the Younger family due to the lack of money. Itcomes from dreams that have been fulfilled, but for the Youngers, itwas impossible to fulfill any dreams without money. Walter had a dreamof commit money in a liquor store to raise the standard of livingfor his family. Even if he wasnt successful, he would always knowthat he tried his best, which would give him the pride and joy of notgiving up again. Unfortunately, the family had no money that he coulduse for investing. Yeah. You see, this little liquor store we got inmind cost seventy-five thousand and we figured the initial investmenton the place be bout thirty thousand, see. T... ... friends to somefinancial issues. some other time when I was affected by lack of moneywas on my golden birthday. I was turning 5 and I had never been toIndia before. All I wanted to do for my birthday was go to India andsee what it was like. It wouldve been like a dream come true to go.Unfortunately , my family did not have enough money at that time forall 10 of my family members to go, so I spent the birthday at home.In summary, success is not reached without the aid of money. In ARaisin in the Sun, no one was able to accomplish his or her dreamsbecause their family lacked one thing, money. For that reason, theYounger familys growth of success was inhibited. It is hard forpeople to succeed whose qualities are let down by poverty. Now days,thousands and thousands of people cannot complete their dreams for onesimple reason- they have no money.

Quackery :: essays research papers

QuackeryThis year, we Americans will spend billions of dollars on products that donothing for us - or may even harm us. And well do it for the same reason peoplehave done it since ancient times... We want to believe in miracles. We want to demote simple solutions and shortcuts to better health. Its hard to resist. Allof us, at one time or another, have seen or heard about a product - a new andexotic pill, a device, or potion - that can easily solve our most vexing problem.With this product, were told, we can eat all we want and still stand weight. Wecan grow taller or have bigger breasts. Or we can overcome baldness, age,arthritis, even cancer. It sounds too good to be true - and it is. nevertheless weretempted to analyze the product in spite of all we know about modern health check science- or perhaps because of it. After all, many treatments we take for given todaywere once considered miracles. How can we tell the difference?     Not all advertisements fo r health products are false, of course. In fact,the vast majority arent .So just what is quackery? merely put, quackery is thepromotion of a medical remedy that doesnt work or hasnt been proven to work.In modern times, quackery is known as health fraud. But call it quackery or callit health fraud, the result is the same - unfulfilled wishes, wasted dollars,endangered health. Often quack products are fairly short to spot, like the magicpills you are supposed to take to stay forever young. But sometimes the productsare vaguely based on some medical report that you may even have heard about inthe news. In general, when looking over ads for medicines and medical devices,watch out for those that seem to promise too much too easily. Quack cures rob usof more than money. They can steal health away or even take lives. Quacks maylure the seriously and often desperately ill, such as people suffering fromarthritis and cancer, into buying a bogus cure. When people try quack remedies sort of of getting effective medical help, their illnesses progress, sometimesbeyond the treatable stage.     Quacks have always been quick to exploit current thinking. The snake-oilsalesmen a few generations back carried an array of " rude(a)" remedies to sellto a public that was still close to the frontier. And today, quacks takeadvantage of the back-to-nature movement, capitalizing on the notion that thereought to be simple, natural solutions to almost any problem.

The Beginning of Baseball Essay -- essays research papers

The beginning of baseball has had it twist on who started the game and who made the rules to the game. The sport we neck as baseball was cowcatcher name stickball before it became an organized sport. Baseball was a game that many just played as part of their moderate exercise for recreational purpose or time and they used the game to stay in shape. It was usually a middle class white -collar worker who played the game. more give credit to Abner Doubleday and his contribution to the game as the father of baseball. al sensation many discredit Doubleday of his work and say that he didnt invent the game. But what most people dont know is that Doubleday actually made the rules to the game we know as baseball. According to the baseball of fame Abner Doubleday was the first to be officially recognized as the creator of baseball. Many had their doubts about the inventor of the game until Doubleday classmate named Abner big(p)s wrote a letter proclaiming that his friend made the rules to the game we know as baseball.In the letter he was stated to Spalding that Doubleday made changes to the rules of the local game they called town ball. He told him how a person would toss the ball continuous in the air allowing another player to hit the ball with a four-inch flat bat. There would be about 20-50 people playing at one time and everyone would be scattered in the fields trying to catch the ball as the batter was trying to get to the goal fifty feet away. Grave said it was then were Doubleday got a s...

The Beginning of Baseball Essay -- essays research papers

The beginning of baseball has had it twist on who started the game and who make the rules to the game. The sport we know as baseball was original name stickball before it became an organized sport. Baseball was a game that many just compete as part of their moderate exercise for recreational purpose or time and they used the game to stay in shape. It was usually a sum class white -collar produceer who played the game.Many give credit to Abner Doubleday and his contribution to the game as the father of baseball. But many discredit Doubleday of his work and say that he didnt invent the game. But what most people dont know is that Doubleday actually made the rules to the game we know as baseball. According to the baseball of fame Abner Doubleday was the first to be officially recognized as the creator of baseball. Many had their doubts about the inventor of the game until Doubleday classmate named Abner Graves wrote a letter proclaiming that his friend made the rules to the game we know as baseball.In the letter he was stated to Spalding that Doubleday made changes to the rules of the local game they called town ball. He told him how a person would toss the ball straight in the air allowing another player to hit the ball with a four-inch flat bat. There would be about 20-50 people playing at one time and everyone would be scattered in the fields trying to catch the ball as the bat was trying to get to the goal fifty feet away. Grave said it was then were Doubleday got a s...

How Social Networking Makes Money Essay

A.Social networking is a daily activity for most of us. Facebook, Twitter all this sites have hundreds of millions of users. One thing I always think about, argon these sites atomic number 18 businesses? Its free to join and you do not need to pay to start building networking. B.If we take a look at the line of reasoning of the entire cordial media network we will find that the companies are valued in the billions of dollars. Its a booming industry. How do they make money? ReasonsA.First thing, well-disposed networks start with funding from Venture capitalists.a. Facebook & Google are the great example. They can reach very large audience at a very low cost. b. creative Products & Promotions for example face books gifts.B.Data mininga. Data is the base of any business. It is potentially very valuable for companies growth. b. Some companies are eavesdropping on conversations, edition what users are saying about their products or competitors product. For Example Yelp, TwitterC. Ad vertising & fees the most common way for websites to generate revenue.a. A social networking site like Facebook has millions of active users. Access to that enormous user base is a valuable commodity. b. Charging for membership fees To use certain features of the site they ask for the upgrade. For example, connect in. Linked in withhold key features from users until they choose to upgrade to a premium account. I hope this gives you a sense of why the market shares are in billions for these sites and where social networks are and where they are going to be in future. It is a growing industry and one can actually start reservation money from social networking sites. Invest your time learning how to make money with this.

Fiber optics Essay

1.List the basic elements of a Fiber-Optic colloquy systemA fiber optic transmission strand that bear consume the signal.A source of invisible infrared radiation modulated to impress digital information or an analog signal on the light beam.A photosensitive demodulator to convert the optical signal back into an electrical signal at the receiver.Optical connectors at the light source-to-cable interface and at the cable-to-photo detector interface.2.List Five advantages of an optical communications linkExtremely wide system bandwidth when compared with other sources.Lower cost due to the fact that optical fiber costs continue to decline.Elimination of crosstalk because the light in one glass fiber does not interfere with the light in an adjacent fiber. Optical communication links are not as susceptible to corrosion as other forms of data transmission links.An optical communication link can be used in the approximately secure environments due to its immunity from electromagnetic c oupling and radiation.3.What are the commonly used wavelengths in fiber-optic systems? The three most commonly used wavelengths are 850 nm to 1310 nm, 1310 nm to 1550 nm, and 1600 nm to 1625 nm.4.A campus internet is planning to install fiber-optic cables to replace outdated coaxial cables. They have the filling of installing single-mode, multimode, or combination of single-multimode filer in the ground. Which fiber type should they select and why? Both single-mode and multimode have their own advantages and disadvantages. Because of this, I would suggest that the campus network install a combination of single-mode and multimode. The use of the single-mode fiber can be used to run long distances across campus which is one of the greatest advantages of the single-mode fiber. Similarly, multimode fiber can be used at its best in short distances because it can carry higher bandwidth in shorter distances than single-mode.5.The networking cables for a new building are universe install ed. You are asked to prepare a study about which cable type should be used. Discuss the issues related to the cable selection. In order to keep up with the latest technological advances in computer networking, I would like to recommendthat you use fiber optic cable. Fiber optic cable provides substantially change magnitude bandwidth and can handle the combined traffic of PCs, switches, routers, video and voice services. Fiber optic cable has greater capacity enabling it to transfer data at faster speeds which in turn diminishes congestion problems, but also provides tremendous growth potential for each of the fiber runs.

Bigotry in Sitcoms: All in the Family

The impact of media communication on society is interpreted by its audiences base on numerous factors. each in the Family was one of the first sitcoms that displayed bigotry in an open forum. Audiences interpreted the show establish on their particular in terms of either dominant or oppositional. Audiences interpretations were based on their individual views or beliefs. Writing Intended to have the reader perceive a specific Idea or thought Is known as preferred edition.Producers and writers Intend for their audiences to interpret their material In a specific way. If their perception is different than the mean view this is known as oppositional reading or decoding. Oppositional Readings Dominant and The character of Archie Bunker is represented as a conservative, super patriotic, working class American who is a bigot. Both a dominant and oppositional view Is perceived depending upon the viewing audience. It was the Intent of producers and writers to bring bigotry out In the open where people would express feelings rather than take offense.Archie was considered a bigot who was admired for his candid style by some while others were able to accept it as amorous. Some viewers applaud Archie for his racist viewpoint, while others applaud the show for making fun of Bigotry (Vulgar and Reach). The article, Archly Bunkers Bigotry A Study In Selective Perception and Exposure reveals an oppositional reading In which viewers perceive Mike as the opposition. Mike provides rebuttals to Archives derogatory slurs and racist remarks. The show gives the viewer a character they can relate to based on their selective perception. Avider and Reach). Archie Bunkers Attitude Archie shows he is definitely without a bout racist through his verbal comments and physical expressions In the moving picture clip, Hollywood Knows the honor Opt. 1 Archly Bunker In All in the Family. Archie classifies specific races, genders and ethnic backgrounds Into categories. Some of his verbal r emarks included colored as Jews and polish people, Mike, as anathemas. Archives expressions during the toasting scene displayed different reactions when Barney drank out of his glass versus his reaction to Sammy Davis Jar. Ringing out of the same glass. Archie didnt want to drink after a colored man. Archie asks Sammy if he thinks he Is hurt. Sammy responds sarcastically, muff can tell the difference between black and white (Hollywood Knows the Truth Opt. 1 Archly Bunker In All In the Family). Finally, when Sammy gets ready to leave, he asks Archives friend to take a picture of him and Archie. As the man snaps the picture, Sammy kisses Archie on the cheek. Archives expression said it all Throughout the video clip Archie tries to prove to himself and everyone else he is not racist.No matter how much he tried to play it if, everyone was aware of his feeling on racism through his verbal comments and physical expressions. Selective Perception and Exposure unaware selective perception A na exposure, unprejudiced viewers perceive Archie as a dumb bigoted hardhat. The prejudice viewer perceives Mike as a long haired, lazy anathema Pollock. In selective perception prejudice viewers are more smart to enjoy the show for its satire while high prejudice viewers enjoy the humor. Therefore, the show is viewed equally with allowing for opposite perceptions.

Performance Excellence in Hotels Essay

The failure in delivering high cognitive process will have negative impacts on both internal and external customers. Therefore, the main purpose of this research project is to introduce the concept of performance excellence in the service sector, discuss the center and driving forces of competitiveness through the performance excellence in this sector, and report the findings of building excellence in organizational design, team work as tumefy as leadership withinThe project will be organized in a way that gives a balanced critical review of performance excellence and answer the following questions, in particular(a) its implementation in Hotel 1. What functional roles does performance excellence play in an organization and in particular on the service sector? 2. What ar basic dimensions of performance excellence that influence the development of competitive advantage in the service sector? 3. What are some relationships between quality and performance excellence in attaining su stainable competitive advantage? Performance Excellence and Its Functional RolesPerformance excellence give the bounce be defined as an integrated approach to organizational performance management that result in delivery of ever-improving value to customers and stakeholders improvement of overall organizational effectiveness and capabilities and organizational personal learning This implies that all managers should give more interests and attention to implement it. The extracted information from the previous process can help administrator managers to identify opportunities and threats as a necessary step to adapt successful strategies.

Noli Me Tangere

Chapter 1 schoolmaster Tiago had arranged a grand dinner. M solely guests come on, most of them un bespeakd. Before the scouring meal, people burble among themselves and discuss different issues of interest. In this chapter begins beggar Damasos frantic endeavors to prevent maria Claras spousal to Crisostomo Ibarra. He tells maestro Tiago non to go with with the prearranged wedding. Here we find a much detailed and colorful description of maestro Tiagos sycophancy to the church and its leaders. By means of the discourse amidst mendicant Sibyla and the ill Dominican non-Christian non-Christian priest, Rizal further explains the enmity between Ibarra and Friar Damaso.This chapter does not explain the rea joint of honor for the gathe anchor ring. Only in thesucceedingpages atomic f atomic number 18 18 we t honest-to-goodness that the dinner was in fact offered in honor of Juan Crisostomo Ibarrasreturnfrom Europe. This chapter serves to introduce most of Rizals pr incipal(prenominal) characters, those that play consequential roles through come out of the closet the book maitre d Tiago, Friar Damaso, Lt. Guevarra, and get ina Victorina. The gathering was held at the remnant of October, a few twenty-four hourss before All Souls Day. Rizal exposed the true character of Friar Damaso early on, how he was yucky and untamed and had no regard for the rights and intuitive feelings of others whenever he opened his mouth.The comical character of breaka Victorina as portrayed in this chapter, was inspired by a close relative of Rizal, scholars say. Chapter 2 Captain Tiago introduces Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, whose clothes unmortgagedly depicted he was in grief. Ibarra is the main character in the fable, who has just returned to the Philippines from Europe. Crisostomo warmly greets Friar Damaso who has a good friend of his convey, tire out Rafael, however the beggar denies the existence of this close relationship. Lt. Guevarra approaches Ibarra and welcomes him, adding, I hope your fate will be much better than your fathers. When Juan Crisostomo Ibarra arrives at the dinner with Captain Tiago, e actu bothyone is shocked. This clearly shows that none of the guests k unsanded the reason for the gathering. In this chapter, Rizal begins the napive and consequential battle between Crisostomo Ibarra and Friar Damaso. Ibarra had clearly not afford judg hu gay race forcefulnesst the custodydicant to greet him so coldly. Crisostomo Ibarra had spent seven years in Europe. He had no idea of the creationy events that had transpired in his country while he was a mien. Chapter 3 The guests gather at the dining table. Friar Damaso and Friar Sibyla both rush for the seat at the head of the table.The rest of the seats are occupied, and Crisostomo Ibarra notices Captain Tiago is not set in any of them. Ibarra offers the Captain his seat, and the latter refuses. This is the time Ibarra realizes that the dinner was in fact arranged in his honor. Friar Damaso is angered when Ibarra is served the meaty part of the chicken at dinner, while his was the skinny neck. Soon after, Ibarra leaves the scene without waiting for the arrival of his love interest, Maria Clara. Friar Damaso is no durable the parish priest of the t hold of San Diego, but is present at the dinner because he is the confessor of the Captains later(a) wife. Chapter 4Crisostomo Ibarra is out for a walk. He notices that thither has been a large(p) deal no change in his townsfolk since he leftover for Europe. Lt. Guevarra nitty-grittys him shortly, and reminds him again to be careful. Only then does Ibarra find out about his fathers tragic death. In this chapter, Ibarra realizes the reason for Friar Damasos cold treatment of him back at the house of Captain Tiago. Then again, even Lt. Guevarra cannot find any reason why the friar would hold a grudge against accept Rafael. The early few paragraphs in this chapter vividly describe Ibarras d isappointment on the towns privation of progress while he was away in Europe.Chapter 5 Crisostomo Ibarra settles in Fonda de Lala and appreciates from a distance the lively singing and illegitimate enterprise around Captain Tiagos house, which could be seen from the hotel window. His ruminates about his poor fathers death, and how feel must grant been extremely excruciating for him in prison. Meanwhile, at the Captains house, Maria Clara arrives. Friar Damaso shows great appreciation for the lady. Also introduced in this chapter is a sensitive character, that of a young Franciscan friar by the name of Salvi, parish priest of the town of San Diego.Most likely Friar Salvi arrived late and so was not able to join the rest of the guests for supper. In order to get a view of this friars consequential role in the story, cat considerable attention on how Rizal describes his character in this chapter. Chapter 6 Captain Tiago and his wife, Dona Pia, fetch been childless for years. Aft er consulting Friar Damaso of their predicament, the priest advised them to attend holy mass at the town of Ubando. Shortly after, Pia was with child. However, she had become sickly and disruptive for the entire duration of her pregnancy. She died after giving throw to a daughter, Maria Clara.The child was raised by Isabel, Tiagos sister. Friar Damaso became her godfather when she was christened. Maria Clara and Crisostomo Ibarra became childhood friends. In the long introduction of this chapter, Rizal addresses various superstitious beliefs in the church as closely as several rotten methods in the government during that time. The name of Captain Tiago Santiago de los Santos connotes that Rizal intends to use his character to discuss matters of religion. The cause of Dona Pias death is intentionally not narrated by detail so as to kindle the readers thoughts.Her sickly and tortured state during the pregnancy was actually on account of the guilt she bore of having a child out of adultery. Maria Claras biological father is not Captain Tiago, but Friar Damaso. Captain Tiago and Don Rafael had hold that Maria Clara and Crisostomo Ibarra would one day be married, and that the ii men would require in business together for the sake of both their children. Chapter 7 Crisostomo Ibarra in the long authorize finds time to have a private utter with Maria Clara at the azotea of Captain Tiagos house. This is their first time to replete personally in seven years.They exchange thoughts, and prove to each other that neither of then had forgotten their love. The long descriptions in this chapter should be given considerable importance. They are very clear and poetic. The most important element of this chapter is Ibarras letter to Maria Clara, which the latter had unplowed safely though the passing years. Rizal withal depicts Maria Claras playful character. She is not like other Filipino women who are overly shy and refined. Chapter 8 From Captain Tiagos house, afte r a summationwarming conversation with Maria Clara, Ibarra continues on his way to the town of San Diego.In all of the grazes he passes through he notices no change in them since he left seven years ago. This is a chapter that describes the countrys lack of progress during those days. Rizal allows the reader to concretely visualize the scenes and looks of the aborigine towns, and is actually one of his greatest contributions to the history and heritage of Manila. There are a lot of passages in this chapter, that abstractly define the principles to be lived by in the ancient day and age, as well as in todays modern times. Chapter 9 Crisostomo Ibarra comes across the carriage carrying Friar Damaso.Along the way the priest also bumps into Maria Clara and her Aunt Isabel, who were headed to the nunnery to fetch the maidens things. Friar Damaso tells Captain Tiago something of utmost importance. Meanwhile, in Intramuros, Friar Sibyla is deep in conversation with an old Dominican pries t inflicted with a seriousillness. In this chapter begins Friar Damasos frantic endeavors to prevent Maria Claras marriage to Crisostomo Ibarra. He tells Captain Tiago not to go through with the prearranged wedding. Here we find a more detailed and colorful description of Captain Tiagos sycophancy to the church and its leaders.By means of the conversation between Friar Sibyla and the ill Dominican priest, Rizal further explains the enmity between Ibarra and Friar Damaso. Chapter 10 This chapter describes in detail the town of San Diego. It also goes deeper into the roots of the main antagonist, Crisostomo Ibarra. San Diego is a fictional name. No town existed by that name in the Philippines the time the Noli was written. San Diego may be assumed to be a town located beside Laguna Lake, since it was along this lake that Elias and Ibarra were chased by the civil guards after having narrowly escaped from prison.We may note that there is always precisely one descendant in every gener ation of Ibarras clan. All the towns, when they are still developing and building their foundations, have Filipinos for priests. Once they reach maturity and achieve progress, Spanish friars take over. Chapter 11 This chapter describes the powerful people in the town of San Diego. Here are the characters that may be said to be in positions of power (1) Don Rafael Ibarra (2) Captain Tiago (3) The town maitre dhotel (4) Friar Salvi (5) The sacristan mayor (6) The alferez (7) Dona Consolacion Chapter 12Burial practices and rituals in the town of San Diego are depict in detail. There is also a very long conversation between a gravedigger and Tasyo the Philosopher. In this chapter Rizal introduces yet another consequential character Tasyo the Philosopher. The reader is specifyed to detest the gruesome and cruel s unmortgaged on the grave of Don Rafael through the exchange of ideas of the two men in the story. Chapter 13 Ibarra visits his late fathers grave. He finds out from the gra vedigger that the parish priest had ordered to dig up his fathers remains, which were subsequently thrown into the river. Ibarra leaves, furious.On his way he meets Friar Salvi, the head priest, at whom he shoots verbal blows and forces to kneel before him for disrespecting Don Rafaels grave. The priest eventually admits that it was not him but the parish priest before him, Friar Damaso, who was responsible for the shameful act. Chapter 14 Tasyo the Philosopher wandered aimlessly from the cemetery. He had had atalkwith the town captain, whom he bombarded with superstitiousteachingsofreligion. He had also met the two brothers, Basilio and Crispin, who could not go back home after the sacristan mayor denied them the freedom to leave the cathedral before eight in the evening.On his way Tasyo passed bythe homeof Don Felipo, whom the latter shared with his wife Doray. Both men discussed the issue of purgatory. Tasyo the Philosopher is one of the most consequential and immortal characte rs created in the history of Philippine literature. Don Felipo is also one of the most-loved characters of the Noli. He had great respect and spicy regard for the old philosopher. That time there was an impending storm. Chapter 15 Despite the storm, the two sacristan brothers Basilio and Crispin had to go up the bell tower of the cathedral to ring the bells at eight in the evening.Both boys talk about the parish priests lost silver. Crispin, the younger one, was blamed for having allegedly stolen the money. The boy was tortured by the priest and the sacristan mayor. Basilio luckily escaped. It is obvious in the way the two boys conversed in this chapter that they were thinking quite maturely for their age. Chapter 16 Sisa patiently waited for her two boys to come home. She had already prepared supper. besides instead of Basilio and Crispin it was her husband, a drunkard and a gambler, who walked through the door. He ate all the food, leaving nothing for his sons.He went on a rampa ge, and left telling his wife that if the boys ever brought home some money she should leave some for him. Minutes later Basilio arrived, out of breath andbleeding. This chapter is one of the most emotionally stirring in the entire book. Here Rizal clearly differentiates the poor from the rich characters presented in All Souls. At this point in the story, we read about the friars practically hoarding for their own personal indulgence, money that could have benefited two poor boys whose father had left to fend for them. Sisa and her two sons live in a meek hut outside town, close to where Tasyo the Philosopherlives.Chapter 17 Basilio, drenched in blood, falls into his mothers arms. He tells his mother that Crispin, his little brother, was left at the convent by order of the sacristan mayor. Neither of them had supper. Basilio dozed off and dreamed that the priest and the sacristan mayor had killed Crispin. Sisa is a loving mother, but Rizal describes her with a tone of pity for he r lack of insight on her sons way of animation. Basilio is roughly ten years old, and Crispin is seven. However, despite their young age, their characters are shown to have innate wisdom.Basilio tells his mother that Crispin was accused of stealing the friars money, but left out the part about the torture. Basilio feels great disappointment, if not hate, for his drunkard father who had no sense of responsibility. Chapter 18 The day sparks up with rumors that Friar Salvi is ill. It is All Souls Day, and the streets are filled with people talking about plenary indulgence and all other religious practices and beliefs relating to the holiday. Sisa makes her way to the convent to fetch her son Crispin. She is told that the boy is not there that the little thief had stolen even more from them, and then made a run for it.Sisa breaks down in tears. In this chapter, Rizal points out yet again all of the many a(prenominal) irrational and superstitious practices that consume as if devouring the event of All Souls. It can be sensed in the writing that the author keeps a tenuous thread of indignation while describing all of it in detail. That morning, almost everyone notices Friar Salvis bizarre behavior. Chapter 19 The teacher in the town of San Diego accompanies Ibarra to the place where Don Rafaels body was found, and there Ibarra pays respects to the retentivity of his father. The schoolteacher mentions to Crisostomo the great help the late.Don Rafael gave in enlivening childrens education in San Diego. The story moves Ibarra, and so he decides to build a school for the kids. This, he says, will do great honor and justice to the memory of his father. The school teacher is one of the six people who attended Don Rafaels burial. Chapter 20 From the riverside, Ibarra makes his way to the town hall. There people are deciding on the type of celebrations that must be held and organized during the town feast. The older citizens are inclined to having a grand and cheerful ce lebration.The young, with the leadership of Don Felipo, are against it. This is one of the most beautiful chapters of the Noli, which discusses one very serious social problem, not whole in the old days but also up to the present feasts. It can be observed that the foul practice of writing on walls has not changed. (Refer to the first paragraph). The captain, before joining in the meeting, has a design talk with Friar Salvi. It was eleven days before the feast, which was on the 12th of December. Captain Basilio was Don Rafaels rival in terms of wealth and fortune. Chapter 21 Sisa runs all the way home.She wants desperately to save and protect her sons from the danger that she feels is coming. She comes across the civil guards and finds out that Crispin was nowhere to be found, and that Basilio had escaped. The guards command Sisa to bring out the friars money which his sons had stolen. When she cannot produce it they arrest her. Sisa nearly dies of shame from the piercing stares of the people as she is dragged across town. The alferez eventually releases her, and she goes searching for her lost sons. Still no sign of them. Sisa becomes insane. It was not the alferez but the sergeant who ordered Sisas arrest.The mother who loses her sanity looking for her lost sons was created by Rizal from a real- careercharacter. Sisas husband was an ingenuous man in the beginning. He started to become vile and cruel when he became cabeza. Chapter 22 The following days are spent preparing for the town feast. News spreads unshakable that Maria Clara will grace the celebration with her presence, and everyone is excited to catch a glimpse of the beautiful young maiden. Even Friar Salvi, withdrawn as he is, has changed noticeably since her arrival. Crisostomo Ibarra is away for the last few days visiting the capital.Rumor has it that he is held in prison for contending the Friar Salvi on All Souls. When Crisostomo and Maria Clara finally have a moment to talk, they agree t o have a picnic in the forest owned by the Ibarras. The maiden does not want to invite Friar Salvi, but Crisostomo insists that they could not avoid the priests attendance. To be liberate of whatever animosity there is between them, Ibarra and Friar Salvi even have a brief talk. On his way home, Crisostomo is approached by Sisa and her husband who are seeking his help. Remember that unlike Crisostomo Ibarra, Maria Clara did not bring up in San Diego.She is wholly spending some days there on vacation, but lives with Captain Tiago in Binondo. It was November. Chapter 23 It was the day of the picnic. Early in the morning they go on a boat ride across the lake, headed for the forest. Everyone is enjoying the dramatic play and excitement unless the boat driver, Elias, remains silent. As requested, Maria Clara sings a patriotic melody. This stirs the emotions of everyone there, but most especially kindles sadness in the hearts of Elias and Ibarra. The lake is not a good place for fis hing the crocodile had frightened all the fish away.Elias tries to get rid of the beast but when it nearly kills him, Crisostomo leaps off the boat and takes on the monster, saving Eliass life. The forest (the intended campsite) is located beside the lake. The playful nature of the young men during that time is clearly described in this chapter. It is most ministrant to remember the young men who join in this picnic to more easily witness the coming revolt in response to the charges against Ibarra. Chapter 24 Friar Salvi goes through the mass hurriedly in order to join in the picnic, as Ibarra had invited him.When he arrives he secretly follows the ladies around as they look for a certain birds nest. He then proceeds to the picnic area where the fun is. In the middle of all the colorful amusement, the civil guards arrive in search of Elias. Although they are unable to capture the man, the commotion they brought with them ends the picnic prematurely. Rizals intimacy and interest i n botany and zoology are evident in this chapter. Almost all the highly respected and honorable people of San Diego are invited in the picnic, including the alferez and coadjutor. Elias is not from the town of San Diego. He only arrived a few days before.Chapter 25 The day after the picnic Ibarra visits the home Tasyo the Philosopher. They talk about a variety of things language, history, geography, and nature. They also talk about Elias and how the picnic went the day before. Ibarra learns that it was Dona Consolacion, the muse of the civil guards, who ordered Eliass arrest. Crisostomo tells the old man the reason for his visit to call for for advice regarding his plans of building a schoolhouse. Tasyo responds by telling Ibarra that he had come to the wrong person that he should kinda consult Friar Salvi, the captain, and all the other men in office.Asking for their advice, Tasyo says, does not necessarily mean that Ibarra has to follow them, only that the latter must make it seem like he has high regard for their credit on the matter. Tasyo further advises him to keep his head down among the friars. Tasyos house looks almost like a library with all his many books. This chapter has great substance. In contrast to others, where Rizal humorously describes and points out the foolishness of the characters, this one has wisdom as its dominant theme. Here we read about Rizals hope of educating his race in the days to come. Chapter 26 Everyone is getting ready for the town fiesta.The streets are bedazzled with colorful buntings, the band is playing the grandest music, and all the kitchens are busy. Crisostomo Ibarra is busy working out the plans for the new schoolhouse. His couturier, Nol Juan, observes the unique hindrance that will be used to put down the cornerstone. A man with yellowish skin is in charge of building the contraption. many women and children help out in the project. Even those that are motively considered enemies of the town extended a ha nd. Crisostomo Ibarra becomes the role model of the children the person they would want to become when they grow up.Ibarra reports to Tasyo the Philosopher the obvious success of his new project. The sage in return responds, If you are greeted with smiles, be more watchful of enemies hiding in the shadows Philippine fiestas are for everyones enjoyment, friend and foe, rich and poor. This chapter describes in detail how the fiesta is a great opportunity to showcase art, sculptures, tapestries, and many more. Rizal also exhibits in this chapter the Filipinos inherent love for music. The rafter holding the cornerstone, and the yellowish man who is building it, are vital to the story. Their purpose in the story can be read in the succeeding chapters.Chapter 27 Word spreads fast across Manila about Ibarras noble work. Inspired by this, Captain Tiago decides that he wants to put up a convent, financed by him personally. Maria Clara asks permission to go out with her girlfriends and Ibarr a. Captain Tiago reminds her to come home early because Friar Damaso will be joining them for supper. Along the way they meet an old leper. Out of pity, Maria Clara gives to the leper her scapular as a gift. The scapular and the leper are one of the elements of the Noli that connect it to the El Fili. Leprosy before was believed to be an incurable disease.Rizal refutes this in his second book, El Filibusterismo, when Basilio cures the leper who, as payment, gives the young doctor Maria Claras scapular. Developments in science and medicine today prove that Rizal is indeed correct. Chapter 28 A news reporter describes in the papers how the feast in San Diego was grand, fanciful, and unparalleled. Maria Clara writes to Ibarra, worried because she didnt see him all afternoon. The rumors of him organism sick leaves her extremely troubled. She asks that he visit her the following day. This chapter narrates events through the use of letters exchanged by the characters.It can be observed fr om the reporters writing that he injects his own opinions into the news. Chapter 29 The day of the fiesta starts with the sound of gongs and fireworks. Everyone is dressed at his or her best, with all the ornaments, trimmings, and frills everyone, that is, except Tasyo the Philosopher. All the people are excited to hear mass, remaining to know what Friar Damasos sermon will be about. In this chapter Rizal discusses the reason for the christening of the Chinese. This is somewhat related to their endeavors at acquiring Filipino citizenship Its all about business.Rizal further describes many more observations regarding religious celebrations in the Philippines, especially in the point of view of the church. Chapter 30 The cathedral is fully-packed with churchgoers. Tasyo the Philosopher argues with the maestro regarding the open-hearted amount of money that Friar Damaso receives for delivering his sermon. The mayor is late, and the mass does not start until after he arrives. Meanwhi le, Maria Clara is seated near the altar there isnt much people around where she sits because this has been arranged for her by the sacristans as ordered by Friar Salvi.Ibarra situates himself in one corner. The sermon finally starts, and Friar Damaso takes his place in the pulpit. He signals to another priest within his line of sight this priest dictates the friars sermon to him. In this chapter Rizal points out a number of things about the church (a) the holy water, (b) the huge attendance, (c) monetary compensation for the priest in charge of the sermon, (d) the joining in of children too young to understand the service, (e) the late arrival of some people whose attendance is being waited on, and (f) self-infliction of pain as a form of penitence in order to acquire indulgences.Chapter 31 Friar Damaso starts the sermon in Spanish. When the priest makes a certain gesture in the middle his speech, the sacristan thinks that like Friar Salvi, Damaso wants to go on with the sermon in closed doors. After the sacristan shuts the church entrance, it becomes so much hotter inside. As Friar Damaso proceeds with the sermon he goes on to make insinuations about Ibarra, whom he sees seated in one corner. The priests dictator becomes lost in his reading, since there are no notes written there regarding much(prenominal) vile accusations against the youth.When time comes to start the second part of the sermon, which is in Tagalog, Damaso does not conduct it very well, thinking that none of the natives understand proper rhetoric. The friar overhears a student in the crowd remark that the priest is probably speaking Greek, and Damaso becomes furious. This ends in a heated argument after the mass. Elias approaches Ibarra right after the sermon ends and whispers, During the blessing, do not depart from where the parish priest (Friar Salvi) stands do not descend down the excavation do not approach the cornerstone it is a matter of life and death. This is one of the chapters that contain a number of edited and deleted scenes and lines in other translations of the Noli. The sermon is commonly not given due attention and interest. When this part of the mass starts most of the men head for the exit. However in this chapter, Rizal describes Friar Damasos sermon in a rather amusing way. It is obvious that the priest makes no sense whatsoever, ending a statement without making a point, connecting sentences and phrases that have no relation to each other, and the entirety of the sermon lacking focus on the theme at hand.The sermon has two parts the first one is in Spanish, and the second in Tagalog. Friar Damaso only prepares for the first part, which unfortunately also turns into a disaster when he inserts insinuating comments about Ibarra. Chapter 32 Nol Juan commends the great workmanship done by the yellowish man on the pulley. When asked where he conditioned such skills, the youth replies that he was taught by his father who learned it from a Don Saturnin o. He then smiles meaningfully. Elias, disguised as a local farmer, observes that the yellowish man is seemingly restless and apprehensive as he holds onto the rope of the pulley bearing the cornerstone.Elias positions himself beside the man in anticipation, and winks at Ibarra to remind the youth of the admonishment the former gave to him earlier during the mass. Later when Ibarra descends to the excavation, the beam of the pulley suddenly breaks, letting loose the cornerstone which crushes the yellowish man to death, but leaves Ibarra unharmed. An unfortunate beginning Tasyo the Philosopher remarks. The yellowish man is most likely suffering from malaria, which was a common disease during those days, or a disorder of the liver. Chapter 33 Ibarra heads home to change. Elias arrives. You saved my life before, and now I have returned the favor. There is no need for you to thank me, Sir, the man says to Ibarra. He goes on to remind him not to hint to those people in power the warning that Elias gave him earlier in the church. Elias explains that it would be better for Ibarra if his enemies thought he wasnt ready. Ibarra is stunned he had no idea he had enemies. We all have enemies, says Elias. discrimination is a part of life. Elias then confesses to have jumped the yellowish man into the excavation the moment the latter tried to make a run for it.The character of Elias reveals more depth in this chapter. It can be said that he is no ordinary man, but a philosopher. Chapter 34 Ibarra returns to the schoolhouse. He and the mayor are seated on either side of the long table at dinner. Also inattendanceare Captain Tiago, the alferez, and the town captain. Captain Tiago receives atelegram, ratting him that the captain general will be visiting his house. Tiago excuses himself right away. The guests observe that Friar Damaso is not inattendance. Talk eventually centers on the priestssermonduring the mass.Only Friar Salvi remains silent and motionless in his seat. Whe n Damaso finally arrives, the dinner is just about finished. The priest starts declaring insults with the intention of enraging and provoking Ibarra, but the youth remains prudent the entire time. However, when Damaso starts mocking the name of Don Rafael, Ibarra loses his composure and lunges at the priest,holdinga knife to his throat. Maria Clara stops Ibarra before he could do further harm to the friar, causing the youth to drop the knife and leave the room in haste.The captain general is liberal, and based on the way Rizal introduces him in this chapter, it can be said that he is an honorable man. Chapter 35 News spreads about Ibarra and Friar Damasos eventful encounter. There are even rumors claiming that the friar is already dead. There are those who praise Ibarra, like Don Felipo, and those who find fault in the youths lack of prudence, like the town captain. Most of the mothers talk among themselves, assured that Ibarras soul is surely condemned to burn in hell after what he did to a man of God. There are other women, too, who are on his side.Most of the townspeople think that not only will Ibarra be excommunicated, he is also bound to be labeled a filibuster. Rizal makes use of the characters comments on the incident that happened the night before in order to clearly and creatively discuss the focus of this chapter. Chapter 36 Ibarra is excommunicated, as punishment for his cruel and shameful treatment of Friar Damaso. Maria Clara breaks down in tears, and Captain Tiago visits her in the convent. There, Damaso makes clear to Tiago that the planned marriage between Ibarra and Maria Clara is to be nullified. The captain general arrives.He calls for Maria Clara, who stays in solitude insider her room. When a man is excommunicated, he is not to be talked to or given notice by all who practice the Catholic faith. Friar Damaso is staying in the convent, which is the reason why he opts to meet with Tiago there. The captain general is staying at Captain Tiago s house. Chapter 37 The first person the captain general wishes to see is Ibarra. However, since the youth is still to be called upon, his Excellency instead addresses the matter of the youth who had gone into a fistfight with Friar Damaso the day before, after he had insulted the sermon.When the general asks where Damaso is, he is told that the friar is ill in the convent. His Excellency then speaks with Maria Clara. He thanks her for having stopped Ibarra from violent death the damned priest, and asks her to name the reward she would wish to receive for such a noble act. Ibarra arrives shortly, and confers with the captain general. They exchange opinions and ideas, and the general grows very fond of the youth. His Excellency promises to talk with the Archbishop regarding Ibarras case so that the latters state of excommunication may be lifted.When the general speaks with Captain Tiago he inquires about Ibarras marriage with Maria Clara, and offers to be godfather during the weddi ng ceremony. Lieutenant Guevarra and the captain general are two of the Spaniards that Rizal speaks of highly in his Noli, proof that the novel is not a aslope endeavor to attack Spain. Chapter 38 The captain walks together with the mayor, Captain Tiago, and Crisostomo Ibarra. They watch the procession from the captains terrace. When the statue of the Virgin Mary passes by Tiagos house, Maria Clara sings Ave Maria in a melody so sad that would cause one to ponder upon the cause of such melancholy.In this chapter Rizal lists down his observations regarding the religious practices surrounding Catholic processions during that time, some of which are still presently observed in the Philippines. Chapter 39 In the houseof the alferez, allthe windowsare closed. Inside, servants and workers alike get the ominous feeling that the Dona Consolacion is again conjuring up an evil plan of some sort. Sisa, who was taken into custody for creating social unrest, has been in the barracks for two day s now. She hears Maria Claras lamentable song, and sings a sad ballad herself. The civil guards stay silent, listening.Dona Consolacion hears the woman, and forces the latter to sing and dance for her own amusement. The alferez arrives shortly, and commands his servant toclotheSisa, feed her, give her a suitable bed for the night, and then bring her to Ibarra the following day. Dona Consolacion is one of the most hideous and unpleasant characters created by Rizal. Chapter 40 All the people head towards the town middle to witness the play. When the show starts the friars are already in their designated seats. Friar Salvi, however, does not see what is happening on stage his full attention is focused on Maria Clara.After the first half of the play Ibarra arrives. Friar Salvi orders Don Felipo to prohibit Ibarra from watching the play, since the youth has been excommunicated, and his presence would corrupt the celebration. When Don Felipo refuses to follow the priests orders, Salvi m otions to his companions and leaves. Rizal describes in vibrant detail the indigenous colors, customs, and traditions that surround the night of the fiesta. Chapter 41 While Ibarra passes time in his laboratory, Elias arrives with the news of Maria Claras illness. The lady had apparently caught fever.Ibarra asks Elias how the latter was able to stop the riot the night before. Shortly after Elias leaves, Ibarra heads toward Captain Tiagos house to visit Maria Clara. Along the way he comes across Lucas, the brother of the yellowish man who had attempted to kill Ibarra, who asks him for money for his grieving family. Ibarra, aggravated, tells the man to return in the afternoon. Elias becomes like a slave who bids good-by to his master, Ibarra, by disguising his intentions behind questions asking whether Crisostomo had other things he wanted him to do because Elias was actually taking a trip to Batangas.From the day Ibarra saved him from the crocodile, Elias had dedicated hislifein se rvice fully to the youth. Chapter 42 Maria Clara is ill. Dona Victorina and her husband arrive at Capitan Tiagos house. Don Tiburcio de Espadana is there on account of the girl, whom he had agreed to treat after Tiago requested for his services (Tiburcio is a Spaniard, who pretends to be a doctor). Together with thecoupleis a young Spanish gentleman, Linares. This chapter recounts how Victorina came to marry her husband, how the latter got into the feigning of being a man of medicine, and a brief and amusing account of his woes.Here Rizal clearly depicts the true character of Dona Victorina. Captain Tiagos sycophancy is also shown in this chapter when he nearly kisses the hand of Linares, a man considered to be merely dust in Spain that has been cast away into the Philippine islands. Chapter 43 After Don Tiburcio de Espadana checks on Maria Clara and gives her aprescription, Friar Damaso arrives and talks with her. The priest is introduced to Linares, and conjures up a plan to arra nge the youthsmarriageto Maria Clara. Meanwhile, Lucas is formulating a plan to harm Ibarra. Friar Salvi also has plans of his own.The scene where Friar Damaso tears up after seeing Maria Clara in such poor look into shows that still, he has a heart a fathers heart. Chapter 44 Friar Salvi is alone with Maria Clara for the latters confession. The girl begins to feel well after a few hours, and according to Dona Victorina, it was all because of Don Tiburcios skill and expertise. Friar Salvi, on the other hand, says that it was because of her confession. When the friar leaves Maria Claras room, he appears rather pale and is covered in perspiration. Maria Clara did not have the calamity to know her mother because the latter died right aftergiving birthto her.Despite the many guesses as to what truly accounted for Maria Claras fast recovery, it was in fact the medicine that Ibarra sent her through Sinang that did the trick. Rizal describes a number ofCatholictraditions in this chapter . Chapter 45 Just like Elias had told Ibarra, he leaves for Batangas in search of Captain Pablo. He finds the man weak and wounded in the middle of a forest. Elias persuades Pablo to go with him and live a freelifebut the latter refuses, saying that he cannot turn his back from the life he has made for himself, that of a man hunted but still fighting for his principles and his honor.The allusion Pablo among the rebels in the mountains is coined from the name of Captain Pablo. Elias and Captain Pablo share the same methods of rebellion spare the innocent. Chapter 46 It is Sunday, and virtually everyone is in the cockpit. Two brothers, Tarsilo and Bruno, are among the audience. They wish to place their bets and join the fun, but they have no money with them. Lucas approaches the two boys and offers them cash, reminding them of the vengeance they have to exact upon those who caused the death of their heartfelt father and inviting them to join him in a rebellion he isplanningto start. The boys refuse. Later on, the brothers see Lucas talking to Pedro, the father of Basilio and Crispin. Eventually Tarsilo and his brother decide to join Lucas in his undertaking. According to Lucas, the rebellion is Ibarras idea. The boys leave after each getting thirty pesos from the man, agreeing to meet at the cemetery at eight in the evening. The character Captain Pablo in Batangas is different from the Captain Pablo in the cockpit. Pedro is Sisas husband. In this chapter Rizal scrutinizes cockfighting. Chapter 47 While walking with her husband, Dona Victorina flashes her eccentric clothes about town.The de Espadanas pass by the house of the alferez. Dona Consolacion, the alferezs wife, mocks Victorina, and this ends in a heated argument. To defend her honor, Victorina prods Linares to challenge the alferez to a duel. When it comes to character development, this chapter is at the top of the list. Dona Victorina, Dona Consolacion, Don Tiburcio de Espadana, and Captain Tiago are u ndying caricatures created by Rizal that have made an eternal mark in Philippine literature. The character featured in this chapter is Dona Victorina. The quarrel between the two women (Victorina and Consolacion) is described in classic satire. Chapter 48The archbishop grants pardon toIbarraand removes the penalty of excommunication. Crisostomo feels a pang of jealousy when he sees Maria Clara with Linares. He proceeds to visit his schoolhouse, which is stillunder construction. The architect updates him on the recent progress of the building. Ibarraspots Elias helping out in the construction, and requests to see the full list of workers. The architect leaves, andIbarraapproaches Elias. Elias asks if he could speak with him later in the afternoon by the river, andIbarraagrees. Elias walks away, and Nol Juan approachesIbarra, handing over to him the list of workers.Eliass name is not there. The term taguling refers to a narrow canal where water flows through land. Chapter 49 Ibarra go es to the seaside where he had agreed to meet with Elias. Elias tells him of the purpose of the meeting to address the concerns and needs of those who are hunted and persecuted. He asks Ibarra to find a way to diminishthe powerof the friars and the civil guards. Ibarra refuses. According to him, the friars and the civil guards are necessary evils. In this chapter Rizal explains what it means to love ones country. It is here that the character of Elias finds more color and depth. Chapter 50Elias narrates his story and the unfortunate lives of his ancestors, upon Ibarras request. Sixty years had passed. Eliass great-grandfather worked as a bookkeeper for a Spanish businessman. When a fire broke out in the workhouse, he was accused of arson and was sentenced to be flogged in the streets. This left him crippled. In order to provide for the family his wife, stillwith child, was forced to enter into prostitution. One of their sons turned to thievery and lived the life of a bandit. Their other son eventuallymarrieda rich woman, and together they had two children twins Elias and his sister, who were both educated in Manila.However, the familys temperamental past surfaced eventually, and Elias and his sister lost all that they had. The girlkilled herself, and Elias was left alone to wander the streets as a hunted man. Eliass Family Tree Chapter 51 Dona Victorina writes to Linares, who is presently still living in Captain Tiagos house. She tells him that it is imperative that the lad will have already dueled with the alferez after three days. If this plan does not adjure through, she says, she will tell Tiago of the youths lies and pretenses. Ibarra arrives. He secretly asks Sinang to find a way for him to talk with Maria Clara privately.Dona Victorinas letter is a clear picture of the present condition the deliberate use of a foreign language in which one is not well versed. Dona Victorina repeatedly speaks and writes in Spanish although her grammar and use of t he language is rather pitiful. At present many locals deliberately speak English when they know their skill in its use requires much improvement. Linares celestial latitude agreeing to Dona Victorinas demands of pretending to be an honorable Spaniard and secretary to the minister just to gain Captain Tiagos favor. Now the woman is threatening to reveal all his rotten lies.Chapter 52 The road to the cemetery is narrow the moon is hiding behind dark clouds. Three men are talking. Have you spoken to Elias? says one. No, comes the reply. But Elias is include because he saved Ibarras life. He brought my wife to a doctor says the first speaker, so I consented. A few minutes later, Lucas arrives and instructs them to attack the barracks and the church. Elias, after spying on Lucas, finds out about the plan that will implicate Ibarra. Chapter 53 News spreads about the flickering lights and the moving shadows in the cemetery.Tasyo the Philosopher, bedridden at that time, converses with Ca ptain Felipo who has recently resigned from office. Tasyo wishes the mayor to continue in his fight. They also talk about the issue concerning the trouble with the civil guards, the friars, and the youth. The philosopher predicts his death, which he says will come in a few days. The people presume that it was the souls in purgatory mourning over their dead that lighted the candles in the cemetery. There was only one light that night, fromthe matchthat Elias used to see hiscompanions.Tasyo the Philosopher is already weakened by his condition. The original title of this chapter is Il Buon Di Si Conosce Da Mattina, meaning that if the morning is beautiful, the rest of the day will be also. The circumstances ofthe presentwill reflect what becomes of the future. It was Tasyo who advised Don Felipo to resign from office when the latter lost against the friars in defending his plans for the town fiesta. Chapter 54 The angelus plays, and people pause to pray. But Friar Salvi continues to wa lk toward the house of the alferez. The two enemies talk.Salvi tells the alferez that he had learned through a confession that there was a plan of rebellion ensuing, and that the latter should ready his men. Friar Salvi requests from him soldiers to guard the church. Meanwhile, Elias rushes to Ibarras house and explains that the plot had already been discovered, and Ibarra was accused of leading the rebellion. Elias immediately tells him to run and escape, but not before burning all the documents, letters, and any evidence that would implicate him. In one of these letters, Elias discovers that it was Ibarras great grandfather who had accused his great grandfather of arson.Eliaslivesfor only one purpose To find and exact vengeance on the descendants of that cruel Spaniard who accused his great grandfather of a crime without any proof, which had then been the cause of his familys disgrace. He now discovers that the man he was searching for was Crisostomo Ibarra. Chapter 55 Tiago, Isa bel, Linares, and the others, are having dinner at Captain Tiagos house. Sinang whispers to Maria Clara, who is seated by the piano and had refused to eat. Friar Salvi is pacing back and forth across the living room. Ibarra hears shots fired near the convent. He rushes toward Captain Tiagos house.When Ibarra returns to his house, the civil guards arrest him. Elias then enters the empty quarters and burns all the evidence that could implicated Ibarra in the failed rebellion. Sinang and Maria Claras other friends are aware(p) of Friar Salvis affections for the young maiden. The moon does not shine too brightly that night. Chapter 56 A child looks out the window to assess the condition outside, and his mother scolds him. Manang Puti opens her windows, and so does Manang Rufa. The two women talk. They suspect that the rebellion was headed by Captain Pablo. Rumor has it that Don Felipo was arrested.Some say that the civil guards had revolted in the barracks, and that Friar Salvi had att acked the alferez. Word spreads that Ibarra had burned his entire house down. They had surveyed Ibarras house. They say that the youth was plotting to kill Friar Salvi. Word has it around town that Ibarra is a criminal, and that this was because of his liberal education in Spain. In the characters conversations Rizal shows clearly to the readers why rumors always spread fast and grow. It is because every single person who hears the news inserts his own opinions and thoughts and adds it to the original story.Opinions and guesses are quickly taken as facts. Chapter 56 Tarsilo and Andong are persecuted. Of allthe menwho attacked the barracks, they were the only ones who made it alive. Tarsilo declares that he had not once spoken to Crisostomo Ibarra. The only reason he joined the attack was to avenge his fathers death. Tarsilo is tortured. After Tarsilo dies without confessing anything of use, Andong is questioned. Andong is terrified of his companions fate, and says that he will spea k. The reason, he admits, why he was there by the barracks was because his in-laws gave him only rotten food and nothing decent to eat.In this chapter Rizal shows the heroic acts of one Tarsilo, a man who knows how to fight and die with honor. It is helpful to remember what Friar Salvi says I do not wish to face them yet I am not well in trial when he stands oppositethe menarrested. Friar Salvi is included in the trial because during that time, the church and the state were linked. Chapter 57 Tarsilo and Andong are persecuted. Of all the men who attacked the barracks, they were the only ones who made it alive. Tarsilo declares that he had not once spoken to Crisostomo Ibarra. The only reason he joined the attack was to avenge his fathers death. Tarsilo is tortured.After Tarsilo dies without confessing anything of use, Andong is questioned. Andong is terrified of his companions fate, and says that he will speak. The reason, he admits, why he was there by the barracks was because his in-laws gave him only rotten food and nothing decent to eat. In this chapter Rizal shows the heroic acts of one Tarsilo, a man who knows how to fight and die with honor. It is helpful to remember what Friar Salvi says I do not wish to face them yet I am not well in trial when he stands opposite the men arrested. Friar Salvi is included in the trial because during that time, the church and the state were linked.Chapter 58 The relatives of those caught during the rebellion break down in tears. Aling Doray, with her child, sobs waiting for Don Felipo. Capt. Tinay and the others weep for their sons and husbands. Andongs mother-in-law speaks out in anger. When the twenty prisoners are taken outside at two in the afternoon, all of them are tied up except for Ibarra. All the people blame him for the dark fate of their loved ones in captivity. Ibarra does not have a single friend in the crowd. non even Nol Juan, the schoolteacher, or Captain Basilio is in sight.From a hilltop, Tasyo the Ph ilosopher watch the prisoners leave. He couldnt go to them because of his ill health. The following day Tasyo is found dead. Chapter 59 The many corporations celebrate Friar Salvis triumphant discovery of the rebellion. The people in thegovernmentand the church hope for a big promotion of their offices because of the successful efforts to put a stop to the uprising. The friars blame it all on the Jesuits, who they claim had messed with the minds of the youth. Captain Tinong is restless and worried that he might also be arrested simply for being Ibarras acquaintance.Word spreads around Manila that all the praises about Ibarras schoolhouse are false it is actually a place for the rebels, a tower of rebellion. Don Primitivo is a caricature created by Rizal, similar to Captain Basilio and Dona Victorina He always speaks in Latin, but people do not understand a word he says. The friars hold a great celebration in honor of Friar Salvi and his discovery of an uprising through Holy Confess ion. Chapter 60 Captain Tiago is the only wealthy man who isnt in jail. Captain Tinong is freed, but is terribly ill and does not want to go out of the house.Dona Victorina, Don Tiburcio, and Linares arrive at Captain Tiagos house. Victorina and Tiago agree that Linares and Maria Clara wed the soonest time possible, and Tiago immediately attends to the wedding preparations the following day. Maria Clara goes to the azotea and sees Ibarra leap out from a walleye nearby. Ibarra climbs up the azotea and tells the maiden how he feels she has betrayed her but has nonetheless already forgiven her. Maria Clara stops him, and explains her present circumstances. She swears to Ibarra that she had fallen and will fall in love only once and with him.For a girl, just like Maria Clara, the love of a mother is of vital importance. Maria Clara knows that it was not confession but the medicine that Ibarra gave her through Sinang that cured her illness. Chapter 61 Civil guards to after Ibarra and El ias on the lake in hot pursuit. Elias jumps off the boat to mislead the men, saving Ibarras life. In spite of Eliass sad fate no love, no happiness he still wishes to stay and suffer and die in his motherland. In this chapter is born Simoun of El Filibusterismo, a man poisoned by misfortune and repays it with violence and cruelty to his countrymen.Chapter 62 Many gifts are offered for Maria Claras wedding to Linares. Friar Damaso arrives, cheerful. He notices, however, that the maiden is rather pale and distraught. Maria Clara cries on his shoulders and asks him to tell Captain Tiago to call off the wedding. She tells him of her last encounter with Ibarra on the azotea, but leaves out the part about crafty the true story of her birth. She tells Damaso that as long as Ibarra was alive she was willing to suffer, content with hearing the occasional mention of his name.But now that he is gone she had learned that Ibarra was killed as he tried to escape the guards she no longer has any reason to suffer. She asks Friar Damaso to grant her permission to enter the nunnery, and, after much hesitation, the priest consents. News has already spread that Ibarra was killed in the lake. Even if a man is of pure Spanish descent, if he is born in the Philippines, he is regarded as inflict than those who are born in Spain. Chapter 63 Basilio returns to San Diego to look for his mother, Sisa. This search ends in the forest of the Ibarras, where Sisa dies shortly after recognizing her son.Minutes later, a weak and wounded Elias arrives and orders Basilio to cremate the two bodies (Eliass and Sisas). In this chapter the readers catch a glimpse of the characters that will be leading the El Filibusterismo, sequel to Rizals Noli. The town of San Diego now has a new parish priest and a new alferez. This is one of the saddest chapters in the entire novel. Basilio reunites with his mother but the two of them do not even get a chance to speak with each other. And it was Christmas E ve. Chapter 64 This chapter narrates what happened to the characters following the preceding events.Friar Damaso is assigned to another town. The following day he is found dead. It is suspected that he suffered a heart attack. Friar Salvi frequently delivers sermons at the convent of Sta. Clara where Maria Clara is staying. Captain Tiago drowns himself in gambling, cockfighting, and opium. He lost his will to attend mass the moment Maria Clara entered the convent. Dona Victorina is enjoying the Spanish life even more. Don Tiburcio is frequently found without his dentures. Linares dies of dysentery. The alferez returns to Spain, leaving his wife. Maria Clara is miserable at the convent.

John Keats Essay

In John Keats Ode to a Nightingale, answer the following Identify some Romantic quality about this poesy. Explicate. This may require that you provide an example from the work. I feel that there is a romantic quality to Stanza 2. This stanza goes 2. O, for a draught of vintage that hath been Coold a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country green Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt Mirth O for a beaker full of the warm South, full moon of the true, the blushful Hyppocrene, With beaded bubbles winking at the brim, And purple-stained mouth That I might drink and leave the world unseen.And with thee fade away(predicate) into the forest dim (Poetical, 2005) To me, it seems that the poet is directly moving into a world of semblance, a state the vintage can help bring him into, a pleasurable state of Mirth. He wants to join the nightingale and he uses vintage to take him there. In stanza 2, the reader begins to see and feel the images of the country gree n, Dance, and Provencal song It all can have a romantic, fantasy quality to it. All of the visual images along with sunburnt Mirth combines to bring the poet and the reader into what could be thought of as a romantic state of drunkenness.In John Keats Eve of St. Agnes, answer the following 1. Who is the bedesman, and what part does he play in the story? It is the Beadsmans penance to tell Madeline the superstition of St. Agnes Eve. The Beadsman is al wizard and cold in the chapel praying for the Baron and his friends who are partying. In these days Beadsman were paid to pray for their employer. This brings irony to the poem in that one might think The Beadsman needs the prayers or should be praying for himself. The Beadsman rejects lifes joys. The Beadsman dies this very evening as relayed in the live on two lines of the poem (Stanza 42).It could also be noted the Beadsman introduces the religious imagery into the poem when he enters and ends the religious imagery when his part is over. At the commencement ceremony of the poem the Beadsman knows his deathbell has rung and indeed it is confirmed by the end of the poem. 2. why does Angela die? Both Angela and the Beadsman died quietly of old age subsequently witnessing the lovers fleeing into the storm. They played their part and exited the poem. 3. Study the last stanza do the lovers live happily ever after? What is Keats point?We dont really knowit is ambiguous. It states, These lovers fled away into the storm (Stanza 42). I feel that because Keats believed in negative capability or that people have the ability to accept that not everything has to be resolved, he was average allowing the reader to decide rather than writing a trite, obvious ending. It could have also been that Keats didnt want to end the dream or it to be distinctly distinguishable the idea of this being a dream or reality. 4. Do the characters succeed in practicing negative capability?Yes, I feel the characters did succeed in practicing negative capability in that not everything in the poem was resolved for the characters or for the readers. Some of those questions there were no rational explanations for included was Madeline raped?Why doesnt Angela tell Madeline that Porphyro was hiding in her closet? Did Madeline and Porphyro die in the storm or live happily ever after? What part of this poem was a dream and what part of it was reality?Reference (2005). The poetical works of John Keats. Retrieved May 17, 2007, from Great Books Online Web site http//www. bartleby. com/126/40. html.

Passage to India Analysis

Stylistics (literature) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This articles timbreor style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone utilise on Wikipedia. See Wikipediasguide to writing better articlesfor suggestions. (October 2010) Stylisticsis the study and interpretation of texts from a polyglotic perspective. As a discipline it linksliterary criticismandlinguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own. 12The preferred object of stylistic studies isliterature, but not exclusively high literature but too other forms of written texts such(prenominal) as text from the domains ofadvertising,pop culture,politicsorreligion. 3 Stylistics also acts to establish principles capable of explaining the varyicular choices do by individuals and sociable groups in their wasting disease of style, such associalisation, the production and reception ofmeaning, criticaldiscourse analysisandliterary criticism.Other features of stylistics include the use ofdialogue, including regionalaccentsand peoplesdialects, descriptive voice communication, the use ofgrammar, such as theactive voiceorpassive voice, the distribution ofsentencelengths, the use of particularlanguage muniments, etc. In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be used to determine the connections between the form and effects within a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics looks at what is going on within the language what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals.Contentshide * 1Early twentieth century * 2Late twentieth century * 3literary stylistics * 3. 1Poetry * 3. 2Implicature * 3. 3Tense * 3. 4The point of poetry * 4See also * 5Notes * 6References and related reading * 7External links - editEarly twentieth century The analysis of literary style goes back toClassical rhetoric, but groundbreaking stylistics has its roots inRussian Formalism,4and the relatedPrague School, in the early twentieth century. In 1909,Charles BallysTraite de tylistique franca isehad proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complementSaussureanlinguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully describe the language of personal expression. 5Ballys programme fitted well with the aims of the Prague School. 6 Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept offoregrounding, whereby poetic language stands reveal from the background of non-literary language by means ofdeviation(from the norms of everyday language) orparallelism. 7According to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship between poetic and everyday language is always shifting. 8 - editLate twentieth century Roman Jakobsonhad been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, before emigrating to America in the 1940s. He brought together Russian Formalism and AmericanNew Criticismin hisClosing Statementat a conference on stylistics atIndiana Universityin 1958. 9Published as linguistics and Poeticsin 1960, Jakobsons lecture is often credited with being the first coherent formulation of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. 10Thepoetic functionwas one of six generalfunctions of languagehe described in the lecture. Michael Hallidayis an important figure in the development of British stylistics. 11His 1971 studylinguistic Function and Literary Style An Inquiry into the Language of William Goldings The Inheritorsis a key essay. 12One of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the termregisterto explain the connections between language and its context. 13For Halliday register is distinct fromdialect. Dialect refers to the habitual language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,14choices which depend on three variablesfield(what the participants are actually engaged in doing, for instance, discussing a specifi c subject or topic),15tenor(who is taking part in the exchange) andmode(the use to which the language is being put).Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most obviously at the level ofvocabulary(Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguistDavid Crystalpoints out that Hallidays tenor stands as a roughly equivalent term for style, which is a more specific alternative used by linguists to avoid ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Hallidays third category,mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation. Downes recognises 2 distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not exactly does it describe the relation to the medium written, spoken, and so on, but also describes thegenreof the text. Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the excerption of textual meanings. The linguistWilliam Downesmakes the point that the principal characterist ic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable. (Downes. 1998, 309) - editLiterary stylistics InThe Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the complex and valued language within literature, i. . literary stylistics. He goes on to say that in such examination the scope is some convictions narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its deviant and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses. For eccentric, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to thestylisticianthan is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). editPoetryAs well as conventional styles of language in that location are the unconventional the most obvious of which ispoetry. InPractical Stylistics,HG Widdowsonexamines the traditional form of theepitaph, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example His memory is dear today As in the hour he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper Ern. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6) Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very enkindle and suggests that they may even be dismissed as crude verbal carvings and crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3).Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and preserve affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member. However, what may be seen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaicphraseologybut in where it appears. The verse may be given undue reverence exactly because of the sombre situation in which it is placed. Widdowson suggests that, unlike words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. Widdowson. 1992, 4) Two problems with a stylistic analysis of poetry are noted byPM WetherillinLiterary Text An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to ignore other ways whereby meaning is produced. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) editImplicatureIn Poetic Effects fromLiterary Pragmatics, thelinguistAdrian Pilkingtonanalyses the idea of implicature, as instigated in the previous work ofDan SperberandDeirdre Wilson. Implicature may be divided into two categories strong and weak implicature, yet between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the speaker or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the hearer or reviewer may conclude.Pilkingtons poetic effects, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide soldiery of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply read in by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or readers conjecture of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker for certain endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearers responsibility. (Pilkington. 991, 53) In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkingtons poetic effects in understanding a poems meaning. editTense Widdowson points out that inSamuel Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798), the mystery of the Mariners abrupt appearance is free burning by an idiosyncratic use of tense. (Widdowson. 1992, 40) For instance, the Mariner holds the wedding-guest with his skinny hand in thepresent tense, but releases it in thep ast tense( his hands dropt he. ) only to hold him again, this time with his glittering eye, in the present. Widdowson. 1992, 41) editThe point of poetry Widdowson notices that when the content of poetry is summarised, it often refers to very general and unimpressive observations, such as nature is fine-looking love is great life is lonely time passes, and so on. (Widdowson. 1992, 9) But to say Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes zip to their end William Shakespeare, 60. Or, indeed Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime, Nor hours, days months, which are the rags of time John Donne, The Sun Rising,Poems(1633)This language gives uswho? a upstart perspective on familiar themes and allows us to look at them without the personal or social conditioning that we unconsciously associate with them. (Widdowson. 1992, 9) So, although wewho? may still use the same exhausted words and vague terms like love, heart and soul to refer to human experience, to p lace these words in a new and refreshing context allows the poet the ability to represent humanity and communicate honestly. This, in part, is stylistics, and this, according to Widdowson, is the point of poetry (Widdowson. 1992, 76).

Leadership Approach Paper Essay

Organizational way comes into play to aid management in enhancing their visualizeing of human behavior in spite of appearance organizations to better overhaul, bothocate resources, delegate tasks, plan, organize, direct, and control work activities. The main purpose of understanding organizational behavior is to increase leading effectiveness, motivate workers, and inspire them to work toward a common objective. Although there be many lead uprisees, we entrust focus on the situational leadership approach.We will analyze the purpose, strengths and weaknesses of the situational leadership approach, and translate an example of how it can be utilise to real situations. Situational Leadership Approach As it name suggests, the situational leadership approach states that leaders should use different approaches as situations transpose. In short, leaders should be flexible, embrace change as it comes, and be capable of adapting to it. The situational leadership approach is a mod el that was developed by Kenneth Blanchard and capital of Minnesota Hersey in 1972.The theory states that leaders should check off their leadership style to the maturity of followers and to the specific tasks on hand (Lerstrom, 2008). As people within organizations acquire more experience and become more well-educated about their job, leaders will need to adapt new leadership styles to keep these people motivated. accord to May (2013) the core concept of the situational leadership approach is that one size does non fit all.The outstrip leaders are not only those who bind a vision, but the most prosperous leaders are the ones who are able to adapt their leadership styles across a broad arena of varying maturity levels readily present within the average organization (May, 2013). Moreover, using the situational leadership approach suggests that leaders use a mix of other leadership approaches to be effective. According to Phatak (2012), The philosophy of a leader should be fle xible enough to adapt to situations and ever-changing times.We need a mixture of transactional and transformational leadership techniques to get the job done. The basic idea behind this theory is that one must adapt strategy with changing conditions. Strengths As mentioned earlier, situational leadership allows for more flexibility. As the world evolves, organizations have to make sort outments to survive. Tomasco (2013) states that with the situational leadership approach, leaders get the opportunity to adapt their leadership style to their followers needs.Consequently, as leaders effectively match their leadership style to situations and followers needs, work activities will run smoothly, interactions will be more successful, relationships will be built up, and followers will achieve optimum performance. Weaknesses Although the situational leadership approach appears to be the best course of action due to its flexibility, it has weaknesses that one cannot ignore. Phatak (2012) explains that constantly changing strategies with time, a leader will come about it difficult to implement new strategies on the go.A long term vision may ring him due to constant changes. Further, Wile (2013) identifies four weaknesses of the situational leadership approach which are confusion, leadership or management, distant factors, and perception. Indeed, followers may become confused as leaders change a newly utilize leadership strategy as a result of changing conditions. The situational leadership approach is often misconstrued with a management strategy to lead employees to achieve better outcomes.One cannot downplay the impact external factors have on organizations and organizational behavior. Leaders should demonstrate their ability to understand the organizations external surround and to assess followers behavior to implement a leadership approach that will work. Finally, people within organizations have different perceptions and react differently in similar situati ons. Hence, the situational leadership approach may not give accurate predictions of followers behavior.Situational Leadership Approach in Real Life Alan Lerstrom from Luther College did a suit of clothes subject area using the situational leadership approach in which he demonstrated how academic advisors can deepen their leadership style based on students maturity as they advance higher in their studies. Lerstrom applied the Hersey and Blanchards model of situational leadership in the case study. The model suggests that effective leaders will adjust their leadership styles in accordance with changing situations and followers maturity.According to Lerstrom (2008), Jay, the student in the case study began showing signs of maturity as he better understood the major he wanted to attend and classes he needed to enroll in. Also, Jay became more confident about his abilities, understood the requirements associated with his major, and was more willing to communicate with the advisor. S ituational leadership provide theoretical and practical tools that help advisors in understanding changes in the readiness levels of their students, and it suggests patterns for relating to students (Lerstrom, 2008, p. 7). finishSituational leadership is the approach that states that leaders must be flexible enough to adapt their leadership styles to changing situations, to specific tasks, and to organizational behavior. This study showed that although the situational leadership approach yields positive outcomes it has weaknesses. Thus, it is important to leverage the strengths of the approach to mollify its weaknesses. For increased effectiveness, leaders will need to use organizational behavior research methods to better understand the situations at hand, their followers perceptions, and the organizations internal and external environments.This method will provide advocate in applying the appropriate leadership style. References Lerstrom, A. C. Advising Jay A Case Study Using a Situational Leadership Approach. NACADA ledger Fall2008, Vol. 28 Issue 2, p21-27, 7p May, R. (2013). Basics of the Situational Leadership Model. Retrieved from http//www. businessdictionary. com/article/724/basics-of-the-situational-leade rship-model/ Phatak, O. (June 20, 2012). Pros and Cons of Leadership Theories.

ModIV Product Development Team

For trio deal In particular, forward-looking IV everyplacely typified the ch every(prenominal)enges of realiseing amid peeled pressures and demands. As director of hand Controls, unity of the Building Controls parts four harvest beas, Linda Whitman was the sr. commercialiseing person for the modernistic IV harvest-time line and had primary profit and loss function for Mod IV. She could see the Impact a delay would obligate on her areas coifance, and she understood the pressing commercialize acquire to have Mod IV contain cunning features. When she first became director of confound Controls in 1 986, she realized that selling had to play a more than active role in training of Mod IV.Since then she had watched her fellow marketers on the Mod IV team work through problems and conflicts with engineers, and she knew some of the most difficult issues still had to be resolved. But actors lineing every issue required patience, persistence, and tact, and even the n Linda often found herself torn. She had to make sure HAVE Controls met its regurgitateions, which required collaborating with applied science and manufacturing, both(prenominal) of which seemed at multiplication all overburdened and at times unresponsive. Larry Rodgers, lead design engineer on Mod IV, had been Involved In the Mod IV project for five eld.He could sense the pressure mounting both on the team and on the division as Mod IV encountered difficulties entering the final months of the project. Larry and six of the engineers he administer had their hands full trying to curtail the noise the Mod IV motor was generating. He knew the marketers had concerns just more or less(prenominal) Mod Ivys appeal to customers, yet with Bibs limited resources and its stress on fast maturement, he wondered how he could address himself to marketings concerns at this time.Like many engineers at BCC, Larry understood the competitive and financial challenges BCC faced, simply he won dered if others appreciated the profoundness and complexity of design work and engineering problems. Research Associate Joshua D. Marigolds prepared this case under the supervision of Professor Anne Donnelly as the basis for class discussion rather than to Illustrate either effective or Ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Figures In this case have been disguised. Call (617) 495-6117 or write the publication Division, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA 02163.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, employ in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means? electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise?without the permission of Harvard Business School. 1 This document is authorized for use whole by Wing Chou in Project MGM taught by George Variations Case Western Reserve University from dreadful 2014 to December 2014. 491-030 tail Bailey, general manager of BCC, could all but hear the foot step of com petitors eager to grab origin from his division.Although he bristled at the thought of a delay and its effect on Bibs ability to take in corporate financial targets,l he wanted to respect the teams autonomy. John knew the team was grappling with several(prenominal) ribosome issues, and though he focused his attention on make sure the division met its objectives, he wanted to interpret delegacys to assume the team as it addressed the problems before it. Building Controls Division H peerlessy wellhead Building Controls Division (BCC) produced climate controls and systems for four market areas HAVE, burners and boilers, lighting, and water products.BCC employed 1250 mountain and recorded 1988 gross sales of more than $cl million. The division dealt with both types of customers, original equipment manufacturers (Moms) and trade customers. The Moms incorporated Honeywell products into their own reduces, which they in turn sold to the market. trade in customers sold Honeywell pr oducts directly to the market. BCC placed highest priority on the quality of its products, on the divisions flexibility, and on its response to customers.The divisions gainfulness and return on investment?both well higher up industry averages?were points of pride. 1981 marked the first and moreover year in Honeywell history that its Residential and Building Controls Division lost money. Controls were Honeywell original business, and the shock of 1981 brought new management to this division, management obstinate to regain Honeywell competitive edge. As part of the recovery make, Honeywell split residential and building controls into two separate divisions, thus creating the Building Controls Division.To end the days when plenty from engineering, manufacturing, and marketing/sales worked in different locations, a new building was constructed with enough room to house everyone. To integrate the three major functional areas, BCC introduced a series of miscellanys that intertwined to create a new form of product development. BCC hoped to interpret itself into an agile organization capable of outnumbering competitors through faster carrefour Development and the Controls BusinessIn the old system of product development, the product passed through from each one functional area in a sequence of discrete steps marketers conceived of a product idea and passed it along to design engineers, who would design the product and pass the design to make engineers process engineers determined how to make the product and then dropped the plans into the laps of the manufacturing engineers and the plants. At each stage in the sequence, people encountered problems created by work done at earlier stages.Process engineers, for example, would discover they could non make what the design engineers had crafted. Product development thus became a game of tossing the bear over the wall. When you comp permited your particular piece of the project, you tossed it over the wall to th e next group, non caring what took place on 1 . A widely-cited economic cast developed by McKinney and Company calculates that vent 50% over budget during development to get a product out on time reduces . .. Profits by only 4%. But staying on budget and getting to market six months late reduces profits by a third. (David Woodruff and Stephen Phillips, A Smarter Way to Manufacture, Business Week, April 30, 1990, p. 111 . See also Brian Domains, How Managers Can Succeed Through Speed, Fortune, February 13, 1989. ) 2 the other side. If you had problems with work done at previous stages, you do your changes and tossed the design back to the previous group for them to adjust their work. The process was slow and costly. Every change meant more time, higher cost, and heightened animosity betwixt functional areas. But rapid changes in the controls business inspired the division to calculate for new approaches.John Bailey explained In the early sass the lam to electronics and microe lectronics was accelerating, and e were having a hard time dealing with that by using engineering and manufacturing techniques that had evolved over one-hundred years and were slighted toward a really slow-moving industry and slow-moving technology. To suddenly get into a cycle going from products that you could design and have on the line for thirty years, to three years life expectancy?well, we couldnt do a development in three years. So in that respect was a big need for change imposed on us by technology and by the new competitors that technology brought into the market. Layers, to at one point in the early sass we counted 160 competitors?150 of them ere pocketable electric assembly shops, where a couple of engineers would get unitedly, lay out a circuit board, stuff it, and start selling. A fewer of those competitors grew up, prospered, and became viable. They grew out of that change in technology. But it meant we had to change. We had to change for many reasons. We were c oming out of a stream when we werent profitable enough. We were changing because we were going from part of a division to a stand-alone division.Our competitive purlieu was changing, technology was changing, and our customers were demanding a different set of requirements from us. So there was no alternative but to change. match Development and Teams When BCC abandoned sequential development in the mid-sass, it embraced a new process called parallel development. In this system, a core team of people assembled from the three critical functions?manufacturing, marketing/sales, and engineering?worked together to head a project from the conceptual stage all the charge through final production.People still account to their functional managers, who continued to supervise and evaluate all employees, and each functional area continued to perform its specialized role on the project yet all areas at a time worked on he equal project simultaneously. The core team guided and tracked the development, coordinating efforts across functions and addressing issues of mutual concern. A computer course of instruction manager secured resources for the team, orchestrated its work, kept an eye on the complete project, and served as a liaison to major(postnominal) managers.One BCC employee described the personal effect the new approach had The team system does non allow people to single-minded defend the position of their functional area, of whats easiest, or best, or cheapest for their own functional area. It forces people to look at a bigger picture. . Engineering, when used alone, refers to both product and process engineering. 3 As BCC made the transition to parallel development, it had to confront its history and discard old habits. Marketing had always enjoyed a tabu position at BCC, as John Bailey explained Marketing called all the shots, controlled the purse strings.Engineering felt it worked for marketing. To make the team-system work, Bailey and his ripened staff felt they would have to create parity among the functional groups. Each area had to see itself as an equal partner and contributor. People had to accept additional responsibility responsibility for the success of the entire project, not respectable relevant to their functional area or not. A manufacturing engineer, for example, had to attend team meetings even if the project was only at a design stage.Since people were accustomed simply to completing a business and passing the project on, they felt team meetings stole time from doing actual work and added to total work-load. As people gradually adapted to parallel development and teams, they continued to struggle with their expanded roles and responsibilities. Many people at BCC felt the new product development system exerted too some(prenominal) reassure on them. Because people now worked on projects from beginning to end, not Just when their piece had to be done, they had denary projects to beguile at once. Combined wit h the emphasis on fast development, this at times overwhelmed BCC employees.Several people described the pressures they felt and what they comprehend to be their sources We have to make a decision on the deployment of resources. When it comes to choosing between things to do, the answer from above is, Do both?with no added resources. Or if we get additional resources, were Just stealing them from another project. The system is firmly loaded, especially since were learning a new way of working. There are many things to do with little headcount and no relief with the project schedule. Engineering doesnt have a realistic schedule. This puts stress on the system.Teams could help but there are obstacles to having a team work on a project. You need true support from management. If somebodys supposed to be dedicated to a team, management has to be testamenting to let that person spend all of his or her time on the project. Logistics also need work. You have to be able to work out the fr actions of peoples time. You need one fully dedicated person from each function, but you also rely on the entire functional group. So people working on multiple projects have to know how to split their time. How do you prioritize projects? All work is high priority.And how do you reinforcement people? Even John Bailey recognized he would have to alter his management style. The tone of the way the division is managed comes right from the top. If I want teams, and I promote me and cultivate them, then there will be teams. If Im going to dictate orders, then thats the way my staff will act? dictate orders. I mean those things get reflected right through an organization because I think people look up to see whats happening, and if you dont lead by example, then youre not going to get what you want. People watch actions more than words. I houset be autocratic and dictatorial to my people, as I tended to be when I was vice elegant good dictator. Im very comfortable with that style. Par t of the problem is, I grew up in this business. I earn HAVE. Its real easy for me to tell people what I think they have to do on near any issue. But if I do that, and my staff does that, it goes right down the line, and we dont have teamwork. We also dont receipts from the ideas and perspectives of the whole work force. So Ive tried to learn to have patience, change my style, look for consensus, have engagement of my staff as a team, share more information, be more open.Ive had to learn that you take a risk with this and not everything comes out the way you want it, but the potential payoffs far outweigh the risks. I dont know how you legislate dedication, creativity, or motivation into people. I dont think you can. You cant tell people they have to do it a certain way. What you do is create the environment and the responsibility and be plastic. But those are all new things for me. I didnt come to this as a natural team player. I got into this because it looked like the way th is business could run best.People throughout BCC spoke exceedingly of John Bailey, crediting him with creating a vibrant climate, but they perceived remnants of an autocratic style. Two stories circulated widely through BCC, highlighting both Johns own struggle to change and the two sides to communion within the division. One story detailed the way John and his staff calmly standard a teams decision to cancel a project and start anew after the team determined the initial plan to be unfeasible. The other told of Johns visit to a team meeting?to show his support?where he learned of a time delay.Although John made sure not to criticize the team, he was visibly upset and subsequently castigated his higher-ranking managers for not informing him of the delay. Some of those managers were themselves unaware of the delay, and the team both sensed and learned of Johns displeasure with the news. Using parallel development, BCC management believed the division was now in a position to make better products?and in less time. Because all functional areas participated in the entire development, team members could understand the needs f their teammates and could work on their pieces of the project with those requirements in mind.Engineers could design a product with a better grasp of customer needs and manufacturing requirements, era manufacturing and marketing people would understand the limits of what the engineers could do. sooner of tossing the product and problems back and forth over walls, teams could identify potential problems and prevent them. The walls could come down as people from different functions talked with one another more frequently. Fewer problems and overlapping work would deliver what John Bailey coveted most reduced placement time.According to the divisions estimates, the new product development system had reduced development time from an average of 38 months to an average of 14 months. John saw speed as Bibs arm for reclaiming competitive promine nce, and he campaigned tenaciously to cut the time it took to get products from concept to carton. 5 Although people attributed much(prenominal) of the divisions resurgence in the sass to the close working relationships that now existed between different functional groups, there was some feeling that antagonism had not evaporated entirely and that finger- pointing still occurred.A marketer and an engineer gave separate examples From a schedule standpoint, engineerings credibility was no good. They were telling us dates that Just werent getting met. We tried to arrange shared out goals and objectives, and it was like pulling teeth from engineering. They utter they had their own milestones. The first shared deadline they suggested wasnt valid since we needed things from them well before that. We in engineering thought we had a minor design problem that we could solve as we worked on other problems. However, the problem didnt go away, so we moved it up on our list of priorities.Fin ally, we had to scourge the whistle on ourselves because we felt the changes would require more time than the schedule allowed. We went to the head of marketing with our position. We said we were making progress but did not feel we would make our introduction date and needed more time. He said we had to stick to the dates we had. Its his prerogative to demand that the target dates be met, so the target dates were not changed, even though the team knew we werent going to make it. Insisting that a date not change, though, can lead too project problem.Im not sure whats accomplished by insisting on false dates. Mod With its new strategy for product development, BCC approached the Mod IV project intent on making the dates happen. John Bailey explained the urgency behind the project Two competitors have introduced new products and retooled. They have overcapacity and are Just waiting to steal market share. We cannot make a mistake. BCC was spending $19 million to develop Mod IV and pl anned to have it replace products accounting for over 30% of the divisions profit. These figures led one senior manager to call Mod IV our golden egg. Although the golden egg was about to hatch, Mod IV had had a long gestation. History of Mod IV In 1981 Jay Lander, process engineer on the legitimate Mod IV team, was asked to examine how the company could improve the quality of its motors and reduce their cost. His study turned into a cost-reduction, quality-improvement initiative executed in three phases. Mod IV represented the final and most would-be(prenominal) phase. Although inspired by engineering, Mod IV promised the most dramatic innovations in manufacturing and therefore was deemed a flexible manufacturing project. With the one Mod IV motor line, BCC planned to automate its entire assembly process and over $20 million in revenue. The project promised to reduce costs and improve profit arising, making it glossy to the manufacturing people. But some marketers were concerned that customers would not accept this new motor and BCC would lose market share. That would reduce revenues, the primary index of marketings contribution to the organization. The team, 6 however, intended to offer a product replete with features and enhancements attractive to customers.The team would then use price incentives to encourage customers to convert to the Mod V. BCC began work on Mod IV in 1984, prior to the introduction of teams and parallel development, but the same design and process engineers had worked together on Mod IV from the beginning. They had even carved out an open office area, nicknamed the bullpen, by removing partitions between cubicles and setting up a central conference table. Manufacturing engineers were frequent visitors to the bullpen and initiated many of the impromptu meetings.Design, process, and manufacturing, however, did not collaborate closely with marketing until 1986, when the current Mod IV marketing people began replacing their predecessors on the project. One engineer spoke about marketings involvement The marketing people have changed since the project began while the engineers have been the same since the beginning. Marketing decisions changed each time the marketing people changed. We had to do two rounds of market research. This has had a negative psychological effect. It leaves the impression that the rationale developed in marketing is only as good as the people who developed it.So we lived through a change of direction. Not one marketing person is the same as when the project began. For a long time, marketing didnt buy into Mod IV. They were labored enthusiastic. Now theyre enthusiastic because its a better product, but its been a lot of extra work for them. They would have been better off with the combination of the old reduce and the absence of this extra work. From the time Linda Whitman became director of HAVE Controls in 1986, she had collaborated closely with her peers in other functional areas.As she p ut it in terms of Mod IV, Manufacturing and engineering were a whole lot further ahead in the project. And if it was going to be successful, there had to be a balance in terms of expertise and authority. Linda stressed equal participation, but her role as director think thats the way business-unit directors are expected to perform. Of all the players, we have ultimate responsibility for the P&L Profit and Loss. And I am responsible for my engineering deliverables. The engineers do not report to me, but I am accountable for telling them what projects to work on and in what order.Likewise, sales does not report to me, but my marketing group controls the revenue plan and unit-sales targets they must achieve to earn bonuses. Were also responsible for developing their programs for customers and for authorizing special deals. Were responsible for defining the product road-maps and introducing the products. We provide the technical support to customers the training, the hotlist, the tech nical support for the ambit reps. Were in charge of pricing, advertising, and sales promotion activities. Were also responsible for arbitrating unresolved sales pitch problems and for determining delivery codes and lead times.It runs the gamut. 7 Linda explained how marketing had to make up for lost time on Mod IV Marketing was uninvolved for a long time?for two reasons. First, it was never a marketing- driven development, which is highly unusual. Second, marketing was so Johnny- come-lately. By the time we had a solid marketing team established, engineering and manufacturing were fasten in the way they believed it should be done. That made it much harder when we did come along. The new marketers concern led the team to revise the projects scope, but marketers still had some lingering uneasiness.A marketer explained Mod IV is replacing our staff of life and butter for no market-driven reason. Sure, its a cost reduction and a quality improvement, but our motors already are very hi gh quality and provide high margins, so from a marketing standpoint, it didnt have to be done. The customer-benefits derived from Mod V, including modules, could be developed for our present motor lines. Team Members Linda Whitman Director, HAVE Controls. Linda became the head of marketing for HAVE Controls, one of Bibs four market areas, in early 1986.In nine years with Honeywell, Linda had progressed through five positions, each time dramatically improving the department she oversee. Although Linda succeeded in each of her new positions, with three of her Job changes she replaced an officeholder man who had been relegated to another position as she acknowledged, This was not the Linda described herself as results-oriented, hard-driving, intense, and compassionate. Organization, discipline, and strong strategic plan were Lands llamas, but she insisted on letting her marketers work autonomously.She enjoyed working at BCC and praised its comfortable, diverse environment. Her manag ement style, though, had caused her to think about being female in an engineering- dominated, Midwestern manufacturing company. Its extremely difficult for many people to accept a woman whos hardwiring and results-oriented the same way they can accept a man in that role. Its the old classic. A lot of times pejoratives are assigned, whereas if it were a man, its Just a person doing his Job. I think theres much more forgiveness for men to have quirks than there is for women.Linda was in her mid thirties. yap Scott Program Manager, Manufacturing. knee bend served as Program Manager while also supervising the projects manufacturing efforts. He also supervised several other manufacturing activities. Jack had Joined the Mod IV team a year and a half(a) earlier, and though he had known all of the projects engineers for ten years, he called himself the new kid on the block. Jack described his role 8 I try to keep all ends tied together for the crystalise result. Where are we on tooli ng dollars, engineering design, order and delivery of the production machines?I tie all the ices together to make sure they hit the floor at the same time. I make sure communication is happening so that all things are getting done. I make sure we dont get one of these things where we get all done and someone says, You didnt tell us about that. Jack was in his forties. Jay Lander major(postnominal) Principal Process Engineer. Father of the Mod V. Jays 1981 study led to development of Mod V, which he now worked on. Jay was in his sixties. Larry Rodgers Mechanical Design Manager. In charge of all engineering efforts on Mod V, Larry supervised all seven design engineers working on HAVE Controls products.Six of those engineers were working on Mod V, and Larry himself had worked on Mod IV since it began in 1984. Larry displayed constant equanimity, rarely letting the pressure of a situation relate his demeanor, which some considered aloof. However, he readily acknowledged the history o f tension on the project The impetus for the program was increased profit. The project is attractive to manufacturing because theyre profit-driven. Marketing is revenue-driven, and this product may reduce revenue. Since it will cost less to make the Mod IV, customers will want it for less, and that will reduce revenue. Engineerings objectives are to