Important of Tuition

Below is a free essay on â€Å"Importance Of Tuition Reimbursement† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. Importance of Tuition Reimbursement And Adult Learning Education is an important tool for individuals as well as companies. Tuition reimbursement and extra time for adult learning can benefit both an employee and an organization.Providing tuition reimbursement for employees will promote loyalty, smarter employees who will benefit the company by having employees who are more understanding of profits, inventory, and working with others, as well as create future managerial prospects to better companies as a whole. Loyal employees are a major asset to companies and play a significant role in the success, efficiency, and effectiveness that a company achieves. Loyal employees will go the extra mile to delight customers and are highly motivated in their work. These employees would also resist offers of other jobs and would recomm end their company to potential employees† (Prewitt, 2003). By promoting loyalty, employees are more likely to be on time, stay with the company at least until their education is finished and are likely to continue with the company and be promoted.The more motivation and morale employees have from taking advantage of tuition assistance, the better example they will be for other employees and the more other employees will look up to these motivated employees. Motivated employees get others motivated which can lead to higher self-esteem, which can result in higher productivity of the overall company. The more motivated employees are the more work that gets accomplished.Another benefit from companies providing tuition reimbursement for employees is to better the success of the company and to improve the overall performance of the company. â€Å"While employees are attending school, employers get the advantage of new knowledge and innovative ideas put into practice right in the wo rkplace. Employees, in turn, have the opportunity to apply their education to real business situations. And, their educational pursuits may†¦

Muslims in America

Population So far, there are no official, accurate figures concerning the actual number of Muslims living in the United States. Estimates have ranged from as low as less than three million to as high as over six million. This is understandable because the statistics being released by the census bureau do not include religion as a category. As far as the census figures are concerned, therefore, Muslims could have been counted as Asians, Arabs, Africans, or even Europeans (Mujahid). Independent observers believe that the figures being released to media depend on the partiality of the source. For instance, David Harris, executive director of the American Jewish Committee, claimed that the number of Muslims living in the United States as of 2001 did not exceed 2.8 million – a figure which was way below the estimates submitted by several researchers. This statement was immediately contradicted by Ibrahim Hooper. Speaking on behalf of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, Hooper argued that the report which was generated by a review commissioned by the American Jewish Committee was a â€Å"desperate attempt to discount the role of American Muslims.† The debate appears inconclusive since the figures released by Harris and the American Jewish Committee might just prove inaccurate if one considers that the review was done in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks – which everybody knows precipitated an anti-Muslim sentiment in the country (Zoll). However, the exact number of the Muslim-American population is not that significant if one’s purpose is to fully understand the Muslim-American community and examine how it has assimilated and contributed to the economic and social development of the United States. They could be over six million or less than two million – what is more important is the quality and the extent of their contribution as well as their desire to exert a sustained effort aimed at increasing the same. Considering the effects of the 9/11 attacks, the commitment of Muslim-Americans to peace and development in the country acquires greater significance. Profile Almost 80% of Muslim Americans are between 16 and 65 years of age. They belong to households with an average membership of five, suggesting a family-oriented culture. Majority of these families live in cosmopolitan centers: California has the highest concentration of Muslim-Americans with 20%, followed by the state of New York (16%), Illinois (8%), and 4% each for the states of Indiana and New Jersey. Michigan, Ohio, Texas, and Virginia each account for three percent of all Muslim-Americans. The fact that they are found in multiethnic and multicultural communities indicates that Muslim-Americans do not have difficulty in living with people with different backgrounds and persuasions. Not all Muslim-Americans are Arabs. In fact, only a minority of about 12% are of Arab descent while 24% originated from South Asia, the majority (42%) being African-Americans. Sixty-seven percent of all Muslim-Americans are immigrants and/or descendants of immigrants. In addition, around 30% of all African-American inmates in the country’s penitentiaries are either Muslims or Muslim converts (Mujahid). Most of the Muslim-Americans are professionals with only a very few venturing in private business. However, the professionals are versatile, making their contributions from different fields. Many of them are serving under the United States Armed Forces. As a matter of fact, the number of Muslim-American servicemen exceeds one percent of the entire population of the armed services of the country. Some – more than 10% – are in the computer and engineering industries, another 8% are employed in the medical field, and some 4% have ventured in the financial field (Mujahid). The Muslim-Americans are not an impoverished people. Although national figures are not currently available, the average income of a Muslim-American household in the state of Illinois was found to be $53,500,.with the Arab Muslims earning the highest average income of $69,000 and the African-American Muslims earning a lower $32,000 a year (Mujahid). In other words, they are good contributors not only to the coffers of the state and federal governments in terms of income taxes but also to private business as far as their purchasing power is concerned, underlying their significant contribution to the overall economy of the country. As a matter of fact, as shown by a study conducted recently by the Detroit-based JWT Advertising, reportedly the biggest advertising company in the country, the purchasing power of the Muslim-American community in the country is estimated at around $170 billion. This is the reason why JWT Advertising is now collaborating with other organizations to assist them in capturing their share of the rather large business of the Muslim-American community. To achieve this objective, the business firms in the Detroit area are now making use of the different aspects of the Muslim culture to win over Muslim customers. In fact, according to the director of trends spotting of JWT, Ann Mack, â€Å"Some marketers – – I am not going to name them specifically – are having Ramadan advertisements,† she says, â€Å"and because they are speaking specifically to these populations, they will appeal, they will resonate and those consumers will tend to gravitate towards these brands† (Elshinnawe). Some companies have been treating this issue seriously. IKEA, a Swedish company engaged in the furniture business even sought the help of the chairman of the American Arab Chamber of Commerce. When consulted, Nasser Baydoun recalled that â€Å"What we were able to do was to teach them how to market to our community.—how does our community get its information, how do they choose which store they go to and how does IKEA create a working staff that is friendly to the community.† Based on this advice, IKEA put together a diversity training program for all its employees, started talking about the needs of Muslims, and required its designers to adapt their product designs to fit the needs and tastes of the Muslim community. All of these changes were aimed specifically at ensnaring the market offered by the Muslim-American community (Elshinnawe). Programs and practices The community takes care of its basic needs. Their religious and educational needs are being served by around 3,000 Islamic centers and mosques scattered all over the country, approximately 500 Islamic Sunday schools, at least 200 Islamic schools and six schools of higher learning. The members of the community are active in spreading the shahadah. In the Illinois area alone, a significant growth was observed. Twenty-five percent of new Muslims in the state came from conversion from other faiths. The Islamic practice of Friday prayers is, however, observed by only about four percent of the community. Observers could not be certain whether this indicates a low religiosity among the Muslims, or whether this is due to the fact that Muslims are not being given a day off from their work to enable them to attend the Friday prayer. As far as tithing is concerned, it is estimated that about $100 million is collected from Muslims every year to go to the coffers of their favored relief organizations for the purpose of helping the less fortunate. Fasting during the month of Ramadan, on the other hand, is practiced by an estimated 47% of the Muslim community (Mujahid). Muslim American Society (MAS) The MAS is a â€Å"charitable, religious, social, cultural, and educational, not-for-profit organization.† It is part of a movement which called on Muslims all over the world to make Islam their â€Å"total way of life.† In the United States, it traces its root to the Muslim Student Asociation (MSA) which was established in 1963 to serve the needs of students and immigrants arriving in the country during the later part the 1950s and the early 1960s. After twenty years, the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) emerged from the MAS. By 1992, the Muslim American Society was organized to provide better outreach programs and serve the increasing needs of Muslim-Americans. Its mission statement is: â€Å"To build an integrated empowerment process for the American Muslim community through civic education, participation, community outreach, and coalition building; to forge positive relationships with other institutions outside of our community, that will ensure and facilitate the protection of civil rights and liberties for American Muslims and all Americans† (Muslim American Society). The MAS, therefore, is the best evidence of the Muslim-Americans’ desire to fully integrate with the American society and do their best in protecting not only the rights of Muslims but Americans in general, particularly against the negative effects of terrorism. As FBI Director Robert S. Mueller said in a briefing held on February 17, 2004: â€Å"†¦at the outset, I should mention that the Muslim American †¦ communities in the United States have contributed a great deal to our success. And on behalf of the FBI, I would like to thank these communities for their assistance and for their ongoing commitment to preventing acts of terrorism.† Works Cited Elshinnawi, Mohamed. â€Å"US Companies Aim Advertising at Muslim Americans.† Voice of America. 19 September 2007. 30 November 2007. Mujahid, Abdul Malik. (2007). â€Å"Muslims in America: Profile 2001.† 2007. 30 November, 2007 Muslim American Society. 30 November 2007 Zoll, Rachel. â€Å"Group: Muslim Population Overstated.† Number of Muslims in the United States. 22 October 2001. 30 November 2007.            

David Hume and Naturalism

David Hume is a naturalist, which means he believes our thoughts are not based on reason at all, but are based in nature. Hume suggests that nature is all we need to justify our beliefs. This means that we make conclusions about things around us based on habits and patterns. Hume suggests that experiences explain justifications and notions far greater than any rationalization. A part of Hume’s theory lies in the sentiment of feeling. â€Å"It must be excited by nature†¦ [and] whenever any object is presented to the memory or senses, it immediately, by the force of custom, carries the imagination to conceive that object†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hume p. 1). This means that a feeling occurs when the senses bring an object to the imagination.Nature creates being according to Hume’s naturalist ideas. According to Hume’s naturalism philosophy, humans and other animals experience nature and create feelings in very similar manners, and from similar causes. Hume emphasizes th at both humans and other animals make predictions and explanations about the world, and all of this is because of experiencing nature. Discipline and education are the core of learning for animals. Animals, therefore, are not guided in these inferences by reasoning: Neither are children: Neither are the generality of mankind, in their ordinary actions and conclusions: Neither are philosophers themselves, who, in all the active parts of life, are, in the main, the same with the vulgar, and are governed by the same maxims† (Hume p. 70). Hume suggests that when animals or humans are experiencing a new situation it is actually a combination of past events they are already familiar with. Hume suggests that reasoning and argumentation cannot be trusted (Hume p. 71).Therefore, it is the senses of all beings observing nature that create emotions, thoughts, and experiences. It is also expressed in Hume’s Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding that animals have knowledge not only from observation, but also a lot from â€Å"the original hand of nature† (Hume p. 72). This could mean that animals have certain instincts given by nature that can not be controlled. Hume was in all senses a naturalist. Nature holds all answers according to Hume, and neither humans nor other animals hold the ability to create arguments and ideas without nature.

China's economic growth Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

China's economic growth - Research Paper Example At the core of this plan is a noninterventionist foreign-policy, meaning that even when they provide aid to various countries they are taking the position that it is not their place to interfere in the social construction in terms of human rights, political power, or social responsibility. This is a specific contrast to Western ideas, both the US and European concepts, in the way in which to conduct foreign relations. When the West brings aid into the country they do it with certain social expectations in terms of how that aid will be used. China has established a policy of nonintervention likely so that they can be seen as different from the United States, more attractive to governments, and a more likely partner in terms of economic growth. In relationship to Africa, Chinese leaders have entered into Africa and taken tours across the various nations more than 15 times in the last decade, which far out distances the United States in terms of attention to Africa needs. The relationships between nations of Africa and China have reached more than $200 billion in trade and business as of 2012. This also represents an increase of more than 20 times that which is being conducted in the year 2000, which places China ahead of any other nation in utilizing asking resources for which contracts with Africa are now one third of the total revenue that China is establishing in terms of relationships abroad. This indicates a policy of â€Å"servicing the relationship† which means that they are given a lot of attention to African leaders in order to create strong bonds that will have impact in the future. Chinese current GDP as of 2014 is $17.63 trillion. The GDP per capita is $12,900. The GDP is primarily composed of agriculture at 9.7%, industry at 43.9%, and services of 46.4%. The unemployment rate hovers around 4.1%, with a population that goes underneath the poverty line at approximately 6.1%. In terms of the distribution of family income China is approximately

Key Characteristics That Define a Leader and How Leadership Can Essay - 1

Key Characteristics That Define a Leader and How Leadership Can Motivate Employees - Essay Example The paper tells that presence of motivating and inspiring leaders elicits responses from followers that work to the advantage of every stakeholder involved. Gandhi, Abraham Lincon, and Napolean are examples of great leadership that led their nations forward. There is, however, considerable debate as to what constitutes inspiring and motivating leadership. The usual suspects are personality traits, which are further subdivided into five traits, nurturing, and training, environment and heredity. Some of the key ingredients necessary for leadership in the new age are the vision and the ability to handle new situations and adapt aptly. Furthermore, the presence of charisma and a good feel elicits positive responses necessary to bring about change. While one may have the personality traits, he must also understand what motivates employees and subjects and how their motivation can be aligned with the goals of the organization. The ability to empathize with the employees is one of the key f actors that determine the quality and success of leaders. While we shall discuss what motivates employees in detail, a key motivating factor is the kind of work they are doing. This is where the leadership’s role to identify what is best for each individual employee comes into play. Leadership is different to management and the differentiating factor is the role of charisma. Leadership and management are two completely different phenomena and most individuals do not exceed at both simultaneously. Organizations today need to breed leadership rather than waiting for a leader to come along. It is also important that while nurturing leadership, management skills and tactics are kept intact. The importance of vision and a clear sense of direction into the long-term goals of the organization cannot be underplayed at any stage. This is what differentiates the functional leaders from the visionary leaders.

Health Screening and History of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client Essay

Health Screening and History of an Adolescent or Young Adult Client - Essay Example She reports some over-exertion on occasion while training, and some periods over vacations where she does little exercise, while on vacation, for example. She considers herself fit and strong for the most part, and evidence to support this is clear from her physical appearance. She is well-toned, and proportioned, with a good energy and open demeanor. Her ability to sustain high levels of mental and physical activity, particularly in the academic year, and during her training cycle, is further indication that she is healthy, overall. Primarily her health is maintained through her exercise programs. However, she does not always ensure that her nutrition is suitable to this kind of exercise program. While aware of the connection between good health and lifestyle, she acknowledges that she does eat fast foods regularly, and does not always maintain regular meal intervals. The family has comprehensive health insurance, and she is covered well for any medical eventuality. The client has e xperienced no serious illnesses in her past, except for some childhood illnesses, and has torn an ankle ligament during training in the past, and ripped a thigh muscle, also during training. Recovery was complete and within reasonable time. She does not suffer from any chronic condition, and has only incidental experience of influenza, or colds, not in any regular or ongoing pattern. Occasionally she does use over-the counter pain medication for infrequent headaches, and describes these as being due to heavy exercise routines, or intense academic work periods, when she does not sleep enough, or has strained her body and endurance. No allergies are evident. Family history does include cancer – the maternal grandmother succumbed to initial breast cancer. Awareness in the client is heightened and supported by her mother, and they are checked by a physician regularly, together. Balance is lacking in her food intake. Despite her apparent physical strength and stamina, the maintena nce of this condition is due to large intakes of fats and carbohydrates, with relatively lower intake of protein and vegetable matter. This may imply lower than acceptable mineral and vitamin intake (RDA, 2011, website), but her youth does tend to mask the lacking elements in an overall picture of health. She has access to good nutrition at home, but excuses poor food choices by insisting that she has no time and needs to eat fast foods, so that she has time to complete all her activities. Her parents are busy, too, she reports, and thus the family seems not to consider their food too carefully. Fluid intake is reported to be high during training sessions, and consistent and regular during non-training. The client uses water only and does not use energy drinks, or supplement drinks, stating that she does not like them. The client is taking in approximately 2200 calories daily, but it is likely from her reported meals’ composition that she is taking in too much fat, too much f atty acid, too much total carbohydrate and not enough protein and fiber (RDA, 2011, website). Nutrients are also likely to be below Recommended Daily Intake, especially given her training and exercise regime. She may in fact be in need of supplements in some form or another and be at risk for unstable blood glucose. The client is fairly regular in her sleep/wake patterns – she tends to be asleep by 10:30 p.m. and awakes no later than 7:30 a.m. On occasion, she reports, on the weekends, she may go to bed later, and

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 43

Discussion - Essay Example In addition, the student portal is a crucial place to visit regularly since I get updates and information about my current school grades for the past years and it is easy to note any changes on such grades. With the school email, regular access makes me remain updated on things like course soft copies and presentations as sent by respective teachers. If I were driven by fear of consequences, being informed through the school notice board, school email, and student portal would be to gain critical information like exams and other dates that would affect my course completion. For instance, missing on exam dates would result to facing disciplinary action or expulsion, which is a big blow to my education and good grades. I believe the drive by fear of consequences is the best option. The university has set clear rules on all assignments and coursework submission. Some of the consequences of course requirements include penalizing like in late or plagiarised assignments, likelihood of expulsion for failed submission without notice, and sanctioned for disciplinary action for repeated failure. Additionally, I have some self-set goals and objectives to assist me in attaining the best grades for my career. In this case, I have to pass in my entire course works for fear that they would lower my cumulative grade. For me, this would mean missing the career of my dreams while observing time and instructions in my course work would maximize my chances of attaining a high grade. I would also gain high confidence in all my work and this would instil a sense of problem analysis, and solving that would be useful even in my real life (ODonnell, Reeve and Smith 132). If I followed my sense of obligation, there are high chances of relaxing and not being so keen on time and coursework instructions especially where the tutor is not strict. This would also increase the possibility of losing my research skills and self-dependence, and

The UK public sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The UK public sector - Case Study Example In doing so, there was a definite movement towards policies that would influence the industrial relations and the trade union movement. (Driver et al, 1998) This was followed by changing political ideals and approaches towards the public sectors in the following decades. In recent times however, it has been seen that there is significant unrest and discontent within the trade union regarding perspectives on the public sector in terms of pay and industrial relations. This paper will discuss the causes and extent of such discontent through the context of theories, events and various facts related to the civil services in general. It is imperative to first define the public sector in UK. A country's public sector generally defines the horizon on which the various developments towards progression and growth of infrastructure take place. It is also the regulating force that underscores the activities within the market and that of the private sector as well. It is no different for UK's public sector which consists of basic amenity providing bodies like the postal service, the fire department, education, health and prison service, to name a few. Any country or organisation's basic and most important resource lies with its human element. The working force behind the industrial sector is in fact the work force, popularly known as the human resources. In giving the trade unions a large and important role to play as far as industrial relations were concerned, the UK government was trying to achieve the following results: Make optimum utilisation of its workforce. Create enough scope though accelerated production for economic growth which would in turn compensate the ravages of the two world wars Keep maximum resources and service provision bodies in the public sector through a demonstration of high capacity and capability. (Driver et al, 1998) With the identification of such goals, came the emergence of the trade unions which realised that it could exploit the public sector to a greater advantage. To make use of human resources for the achievement of such goals, the UK government gave into the demands of the employees. Thus, it can be seen that the public sector was governed closely by a set of standards set forth by the trade unions in context of pay and conditions of work. The trade union was thus a body that regulated the operational sphere of the public sector as it had important roles to play in various processes like decision making and centralisation of collective bargaining methods. This was not to last though. With the advent of the Thatcher government, there was a steady change in the equation enjoyed by the trade union within the public sector. (Driver et al, 1

Life of Marcel Duchamp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Life of Marcel Duchamp - Essay Example The paper "Rrose Sà ©lavy, Marcel Duchamp" focuses on the important figure of dada and surrealism, Marcel Duchamp. As a child Duchamp was really close to his sister Suzanne (his older brothers had left home to go to school), who was his accomplice in games and activities. She was also the object of his first serious attempts at drawing and painting, which showed her in a variety of poses. Also a painter, she moved to Paris after her divorce to be closer to her brother Marcel and as an attempt to further her career, since at that time it was extremely difficult for a female painter to obtain recognition. Indeed, it was her relationship with her brothers, three of them eminent artists, which facilitated her acceptance in the art world. The famous photographer Man Ray became Duchamp’s friend and collaborator. Not only he helped Duchamp photograph and â€Å"create† Rrose, he also was instrumental in the development of many other works. It was in collaboration with him and Marc Allà ©gret in the period 1925–1926 that Duchamp filmed early versions of Rotoreliefs, a film that later became known as Anà ©mic Cinà ©ma. It is worth mentioning an earlier collaboration in 1920, as it almost finished with the decapitation of Man Ray. Duchamp had built the Rotative plaque de verre, a piece which involved the use of a motor to spin squares of glass on which segments of a circle were painted. The optical effect achieved is incredible: when the apparatus spins, the circle segments appear to be closed concentric circles. After a first successful attempt, Man Ray set up to photograph the experiment (Duchamp did not consider it art but it is held as one of the first examples of kinetic art) and, when the machine was turned on, a belt broke, caught a piece of the glass which flew off and hit Man Ray in the head. Readymades Marcel Duchamp coined the term "readymades", which was used to refer to ordinary manufactured objects that he selected, modified and signed. He maintained that by attributing a title to an object and signing it, the object becomes a work of art [smARThistory]. The term was commonly used in the United States to distinguish manufactured from handmade items. Marcel Duchamp conceived the readymades as an antidote to what he called "retinal art", this is, art that has only visual value. Duchamp selected his work according to their conceptual value and on the basis of visual indifference. In this manner, a common object would be elevated to the dignity of a work of art by the mere choice of the artist. In his lifetime, Duchamp-Selavy produced no more than 20 readymades. This decision arises from his awareness of the fact that, by limiting the production he could avoid the influence of his own taste (according to his words, "the enemy of art") in his work. Rrose Slavy From 1920, Marcel Duchamp decided to present some of his work using the pseudonym of Rrose Slavy. The choice of name is extravagant to say the least. Two potential explanations have been elaborated: the first one is that it reads as "Eros, c'est la vie", which can be translated as "Eros, that's life"; or, a second interpretation suggests that it really reads as "arroser la vie", i.e. to make a toast to life. Both meanings are equally

5 Different Definition of Stem Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

5 Different Definition of Stem Education - Essay Example According to Veenstra et al, (2012), STEM education includes majors in natural sciences, engineering, science, health, and technologies. Many leaders have consistently created concern for the increasing number of STEM students who get well-paying jobs as compared to other degree holders. Though STEM is widely used throughout the education system, certain fields receive more attention in this more than others. Such fields include engineering, computer sciences, and the physical sciences. As a result, examination of STEM participation and resulting outcomes from examining narrow fields come up with differing conclusions as opposed to when a broader definition is used altogether. STEM education is an important interdisciplinary approach that incorporates various academic concepts with other real-world lessons, as the student is able to apply the four disciplines of STEM education. As a result, they are able to connect between school, global economy and community work thus developing STEM literacy giving the students a competitive advantage in the economy (Beatty, 2011). Educators seem to consider this concept from an educational perspective increasing the importance of succeeding in science and mathematics and increasing the integration in engineering and technology when needs arises. STEM education involves a study of sciences, mathematics, engineering and technology courses and having adequate knowledge to apply the skills and knowledge gained in the real world (DeBoer, 2011). The reason is that the competitive nature of every country requires that there is a strong educational program that is able to prepare innovative scientists and other engineers who are capable of providing innovations that can flourish the economy of a country. However, various educators involved in preparing students for important careers in STEM courses find the term

Violence in the Ancient World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Violence in the Ancient World - Essay Example As the report declares falling back on Homer’s Odyssey once again, it provides good examples of how violence was used for dominance though; it is being carried out in the name of self-protection and preserving the lives of others. The example this research will use to prove the often times, brutal and violent forms of survival will be directly from the book, â€Å"Odyssey XI† and the primary focus on the battle with the Cyclops. According to the report findings the idea on the prevalence of violence in the Ancient world is so vivid in the battle with this monster of mythology. First, the Cyclops presents a form of early control and power over Odysseus and his crew which is clearly evident in the following verse, â€Å"As thus he spoke, our very souls were crushed within us, dismayed by the heavy voice and by the monsters self; nevertheless I answered thus and said†. Violence begets fear and the Cyclops girth alone was enough for the crew to feel already beaten before the battle. Though Odysseus tried to use tricky talk, in an attempt to persuade the Cyclops to spare killing any of his men, it did not work and a violent scene spewed forth from the books pages. Following was one of the more horrid and brutally descriptive violent acts depicted. This passage details how the Cyclops dashed members of the crew to the ground, ripping and tearing their limbs and crushing their skulls, whilst their brains spi lled to the earth and dampened the grass. This actually makes the reader cringe due to such abundant and grotesque violent behavior.

The language and structure of poem Essay Example for Free

The language and structure of poem Essay The language and structure of poem two Warning is, as with Old Man, Old Man, fairly simple with only four stanzas all but two of which are different lengths. I expect this is because in stanza one, the longest verse, she says all the things she has planned to do in her future as an older woman these of course are all the things that she wants to do so of course there are lots of them. Stanza two says all the things she could do this is not as long because it would have come under the first verse if it was something that she really wanted to do. Stanza three is also a short one as it is about all the things she has to do now which are all boring and tedious. The last stanza is the shortest as it is, in my opinion, what she is thinking but she has to stop herself in her thoughts as she might have thought it was not appropriate at this time to act like an old woman. There is no rhyme or rhythm as with poem one or any complicated language. I also suspect this is because it is a straightforward subject and needs no complications. The two poems are very similar as they are both very easy to understand, as there is no complicated words or English techniques, like similes. The message and tone of poem one is very grim. It takes a pessimistic view of old age saying how your senses deteriorate and how you almost become incompetent. It basically says, you, as someone who is capable and in control will deteriorate to someone who can not do as much as you want to do as you will not be able to see well, you pretty much will not like it! The message and tone of poem two is almost completely contrary to that of poem one. It takes a very optimistic view of old age saying how you can let go of old barriers in life and be able to do what you want. The story is when you are young you must be responsible and set an example. When you get old you can become irresponsible and careless and be able to do the little things that are silly just for the sake of doing it. My personal response to the poem Old Man, Old Man is that it makes me think about my grandparents who were able and active and now have become retired and have their illnesses, this is why the poem makes me think of them. The old man in the poem was a capable man and has now become very dependant. It also makes me think that family is very important because one day you may end up with a dreadful disease and if you cannot turn to your family who can you turn to? My personal response to poem two is somewhat murky. I do not know how to put it but although it is an optimistic view of old age are the things this women wants to do that much to look forward to? I think we can do most of these things now, even as adults, but we do not because it is not advantageous and some of the things are just silly. For instance spending your pension and say weve no money for butter. Is that logical? This is where Im unclear may be shes saying let go out of logic! This poem also reminds me of the great Indian circle of life. This is where the native Americans believed we went round in a circle in our life. We would start life from the ground or mother, progress through childhood to become an adult then revert to being a child again, then the part to the ground.

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essay

Dark Tourism And Ethical Issues Tourism Essay Abstract The research project aimed to do a critical analysis of the ethical issues of dark tourism. Six research objectives were set out to help achieve this aim. In the process of gathering relevant information on this topic, an analysis of dark tourism throughout the years will be done, followed by the commitment of different authors. Furthermore, by examine in depth both the consumers and providers point of views to further understand the ethical dilemma of dark tourism, the research project will highlight the main problems that occur within this sector of tourism. Secondary research has been chosen as a main research method. A wide variety of literature was gathered on the concept of culture and tourism by using a snowball sampling of secondary literature. This type of sampling was carried out by using the authors list of references to highlight other articles that might be of relevance. The findings indicated that, it may be possible to state that ethical issues will always continue to exist around dark tourism, as long dark tourism itself exists too. Recommendation has been given on the importance of the consideration of the ethicalities of dark tourism. As conclusion indicated, ethical issues cannot be understated, and both consumers and providers may want to work together, if in the future, we still would like to know about our history through the form of tourism instead through textbooks and education. Introduction Hall (1998) states that tourism is the worlds largest industry, and it is expected to continue to grow, develop and maintain. The tourist industry is a major economic, environmental and socio-cultural force, and it becomes a lifestyle for millions of people on our planet. Its beneficial effect on the development of political, social, cultural relations and international relations on a global scale has become an obvious fact to all countries around the world. (Meethan, 2001) Over the last half century it is seeing that tourists have long been attracted to places or events associated in one way or another with death, disaster and suffering. (Stone, 2009a) All these sites and many more which are similar, are what are called sites for dark tourism according to main theorists John Lennon and Malcolm Foley, also known as Thanatourism (Seaton, 1996 cited in Ryan et al, 2005) and Black Spots (Rojek, 1997). This form of tourism is what Seaton (1999) defines is about travelling to sites associated with death, suffering and other tragic events that have become significant tourist destinations. In fact, the act of touristic travel to places of death, war, genocide, assassination and disasters is becoming the most developing branch of tourism during the past years and cultural activity within contemporary society. At the same time, there is evidence of a greater willingness or desire on the part of tourists to visit dark attractions and the sites of dark events. (Stone, 2009a) For example, thousands of tourists come to Pont de lAlma Road Tunnel in Paris, to lay flowers and light candles in unofficial memorial of Princess Diana of Wales, where she died in car accident. With the growing popularity of this kind of tourism within the dark tourism market (Tunbridge and Ashworth, 1996), the ethical issues surrounding it will need to be enquired. Ethics plays a role in nearly every business related decision. (Hartman, 1998) With the consumers and providers participating in this growth of phenomenon of dark tourism, as they potentially contrasting ethical perspectives towards dark tourism may be different. Whereas a providers means of preserving history is to charge people to maintain its upkeep, the consumers may see it as money making scheme in the expense of the deceased lives of the site. Whereas the providers means of letting people know its history is through interpretation of vulgar images, may seem unethically unpleasant for consumers. The dissertation will focus on the question of ethics in dark tourism, thereby advancing knowledge and understanding of dark tourism itself. Aim The aim of the project is a critical analysis of the ethical issue of dark tourism. Whether the death could be sold and consumed throw dark attractions and national tragedies. Objectives To define Dark Tourism To define the concept of ethics To examine in depth both the consumers and providers point of views to further understand the ethical dilemma of dark tourism. To use Stone (2006)s shades of darkness spectrum as a tool for measuring different levels of dark tourism sites To establish a conceptual ethical framework for the study of selling provocative narratives of national tragedy in heritage situations To suggest recommendations on the ethical issues Rationale Despite the long history of dark tourism and evidence of travel to sites associated with death, the academic attention on this phenomenon has recently appeared. As a result, a number of fundamental questions with respect to dark tourism remain unanswered. (Stone, 2009a) This topic has been chosen due to a lack of research carried out on ethical and moral issues of dark tourism. The project can be useful to gain more knowledge into the topic of dark tourism. The study of dark tourism is important for a number of reasons. It can be used for educational purposes of wider social interest or for means of enjoyment. In relation to this Stone.R (2009, p.7) states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Dark tourism provides the opportunity for tourists to experience playful houses of horror, discover places of pilgrimage such as the graves or death sites of famous people or visit sites of major disasters or atrocities Nevertheless, all these attractions require a deep understanding within cultural, social, historical and political context, effective interpretation and development. Otherwise the nature of dark tourism, in particular, the debates and conflicts it represent, will point to a number of issues that demand examination and understanding, such as ethics and morality. Whether people visit these sites for remembrance, education or entertainment purposes, there will be one dilemma relating to many dark attractions: if it is ethical and moral to sell, promote or offer death for touristic consumption. For example, millions of tourists stop alongside with those, who mourning the loss of loved ones, to see where the World Trade Center once stood in New York. In order to research the dilemma of the ethics and morality of dark tourism, it is necessary to realise that dark tourism is fascinating, emotive and provocative and it is important to explore many features of dark tourism, which may be perceived unethical by some people. Stone (2009a) states: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Consequently, the ethics of dark tourism  are perhaps part of the broader research agenda. Ultimately, from this research a fuller understanding of dark tourism  shall be made, and thus knowledge of the phenomenon advanced. Naturally, anyone researching dark tourism should consider the ethics of their research, in particular how data is both gathered and presented Furthermore a case study will be conducted in order to have a closer look at the situation and the major problems occurring regarding ethical issues of dark tourism. In addition, the researcher is originally interested in dark tourism phenomenon. For the past 2 years the researcher has visited the numerous places of death and disaster such as Chernobyl, and has noticed that it is becoming increasingly popular. The researcher also found out that, for 2 years there are numerous quantity of debates on particular dilemma, which will be analysed in the dissertation. It is hoped that this study will have an impact on understanding dark tourism. In addition, it is also hoped that this project will draw more attention to ethical issues and provide a new point of view for those, who does not accept truth and reality of dark sites or attractions. Literature Review Roberts (2004, p.73) defines a literature review as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦locating, analysing, synthesising and interpreting previous researchà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This section will be used to establish theoretical framework, identify models and studies and define key terminology in relation to dark tourism and ethics. All research that has been conducted will be presented within this section. An in-depth review of the literature has been done in order to gather relevant information on dark tourism itself and ethical issues throughout the years. The literature matrix illustrates the main areas which are perceived to be the most important in relation to the topic of dark tourism ethical issues. By creating a literature review matrix, it would help the researcher contrast and compare the authors work easily. As a result by carrying out a detailed review of the literature it could possibly identify important questions, key issues and noticeable gaps within the current knowledge on the topic. Dark Tourism: Definitions Only in recent years that it has been together referred to as dark tourism, travel to places associated with death, disaster and destruction has occurred as long as people have been able to travel. In many cases there is no clear definition of this tourism niche. Although, the term dark tourism was firstly created by Foley and Lennon (1996a,b). For Foley and Lennon, the term dark tourism relates primarily to the presentation and consumption (by visitors) of real and commodi ¬Ã‚ ed death and disaster sites (1996a:198); a broad de ¬Ã‚ nition later re ¬Ã‚ ned by their assertion that dark tourism is an intimation of post-modernity (Lennon and Foley 2000:11). At the same time, another terminology has been applied to the phenomenon. Seaton (1996) refers to death-related tourist activity as thanatourism, while other labels include morbid tourism (Blom, 2000), Rojek (1993) offered a Black Spot tourism definition, grief tourism and milking the macabre (Dann, 1994:61). Nevertheless, there is a factor, which is common to all these terms of tourism. It is all about association, in one form or another, between a tourism site, attraction or experience and death, disaster of suffering. As a result, definitions of dark tourism focus on connection between tourism and death. Tarlow (2005:48), for example, gives identification for dark tourism as visitations to places where tragedies or historically noteworthy death has occurred and that continue to impact our lives, a definition that aligns dark tourism somewhat barely to certain sites and hints at particular motives. Miles (2002) states that, however it excludes many dark sited and attractions related to, while not necessarily the site of, death and disaster. Therefore, for the purposes of this research project, the author will define dark tourism, according to Stone (2006, a) simply and generally as the act of travel to sites associated with death, suffering and the seemingly macabre. Ethics Stone (2006,a) states that ethics and the morality of selling provocative and sensitive narrative through heritage to the touring and visiting community is more established and documented problem of dark tourism. Ethics have been conceptualised as a set of rules and principles, concerning rightful conduct based on our most deeply held values, the things we most cherish and the things we most despise.(Lieberman, 2000). The term can also refer to the systematic study of way of thinking about how we ought to behave and finding a rational way of how we ought to live. Ethics and morality suggest a set of duties that require subordination of natural desires in order to obey the moral law (Singer, 1994). The 20th century saw philosophers approaching the problem of the origin of ethics as something unreachable. Among the most publicised conceptual thinkers in the field of ethics have been (Singer, 1994:18): Thrasymachus ( 4th century) and the thesis that ethics are imposed on the weak by the strong; Socrates (4th century) and the thesis that the ruler is not concerned with his own interests, but with that of the subject; Hobbes (17th century) and his statement that ethics give the ruler a right to to command and to be complied; Nietzsche (19th century) who proposed morality is the creation of the herd'(led more fear than hope) Ethics and Moralisation in Tourism There are numerous schools of thoughts and opinions, and literature on the board subject of ethics is prevalent. What is more significant in the situation of the dark tourism is suggesting a conceptual ethical framework for the analysis of providing and selling provocative narratives of nationwide tragedy in heritage settings. This study is concerned with two main and obvious parts of ethics and morality as follows: Business ethics and the extent to which businesses within the heritage industry which communicate a dark narrative to the visiting public consider their practices to be ethical( Stone, 2006,a) Personal morality and the extent to which these often provocative narratives are received and are passable according to the moral principles of visitors from widely varying cultural backgrounds. ( Stone, 2006,a) According to Stone (2006,a) the term business ethics has been described at the extreme as an oxymoron in the corporate world since some argue that morality, as Butcher ( 2003) states, is intrinsically absent in capitalist entrepreneurial ventures. At the moment the issue of business ethics is a conspicuous subject attracting attention from a number of communities of interest, such as consumers, pressure groups and the media (Strange and Kempa, 2003). According to Crane Matten (2007), corporate social responsibility is a dominant strand of the converse of business ethics and has been contrived to refer to the implicit process of communicating a legal and institutional corporate framework within which a duty of care (to people, the environment and employees among others) is implied. For dark tourism, it has not been fully elaborated upon in this context since there present different problems in communicating the social responsibility of these types of heritage sites, such as: The esotericism in the scope of what is morally acceptable to various communities of interest: is there a hierarchical order of care or responsibility that must be demonstrated? Stone (2006, a) provides example of Auschwitz as the most responsible way to admit visitors in compliance with the moral and ethical codes of the relatives of prisoners and victims, but also with the moral principles of other visitor types such as Polish visitors, young visitors. Conflicts of interest, according to Ryan et al (2005), are common in heritage but more morally charged where the narrative is provocative and contested Is it ethical to adopt another national tragedy and inculcate it with new national discourse? Cole (1999a) provides this in a context of the United States Holocaust memorial Museum which he disputes Americanises European Jewish tragedy, repacking Holocaust for American mass consumption in theatre, tourism and heritage. In general, these discourses of corporate social responsibility are present in language of many operations thus far defined as being in the dark tourism business Stone (2006a) states, that traditionally, tourism ethics are discussed in the context of tourism as a major economic engine that can wreak havoc on the environment and can negatively temper the influence host communities in destinations imagined as culturally sensitive Cheong and Miller (2000) discuss tourism ethics in terms of normalising what is acceptable or not acceptable, and an inspecting gaze influenced by the manipulation of imagery in tourism marketing. Tourism activity offers a rare, observable form of ethical behaviour. Tourists vote with their feet and demonstrate in visiting dark heritage sites that these are morally acceptable spaces to occupy. Ethical discourses linked to the production and consumption of contested heritage sites are shaped and maintained by many voices Stone (2006a). The issue of remembering tragedy and oppression in heritage sites and to whom memory is entrusted, is at the centre of academic debate surrounding truth and appropriate narratives broadcast by dark tourism sites. Summary of the literature review Issues in literature review has been addressed which stress the importance of the different definitions to cultural tourism suggested by different authors. The results of this literature review have enabled the author to complete the first objective of the study by demonstrating an understanding of the ethical issues of dark tourism, what dark tourism itself is and what ethical framework is. Using a wide range of modern academic perspectives has helped to illustrate meaning of dark tourism ethics academic perspective, which can be used in the following chapters in reviewing the main findings of the study undertaken. The matrix figure provides a summary of the main points generated by each academic paper and compares and contrasts the various authors views. The matrix figure illustrates the context of cultural tourism referred to in academic papers and books utilized in the literature review. It demonstrates that the opinions of the different authors are both different and similar. Methodology This section of dissertation is going to study the different research methods used within this project. In order to make this research project successful, it is important that appropriate research methods or techniques have to be chosen. The purpose of a methodology is to demonstrate, explain and justify the research methods used in this dissertation. According to Krippendorff (2004) the purpose of a methodology is to help the researcher effectively plan and examine the logic, composition and protocols of the research methods that have been used in research project. The researcher will present a summary of the sources of information gathered; a description of the procedure used to obtain information and the various research methods will be discussed. Furthermore, by completing the methodology it will demonstrate how a systematic investigation was applied into the topic of dark tourism. Choice of Research Design Secondary Data Sharp et al. (2002, p139) define two categories of data which are: primary data that the researcher collects through observations, interviews, questionnaires and etc.; and secondary data that have been collected by other previous researchers. As the author of this dissertation has already mentioned before, in order to perform this research project in successful way, two categories of data and different research methods should be investigated. This research project will be primarily based on secondary research because the primary research is not needed as all the information is already available through secondary research sources, such as books, journals and newspapers. What is more, in order to achieve the aim that has to be investigated, the best method of research would be secondary research. To enhance the existing but very little evidence of the posed topic, secondary research was gathered. Ghosh and Chopra (2003, p.33) define the term secondary research as: data which are already in existence and collected by others, not by the investigator and are available in published and unpublished forms Secondary research was chosen as the quickest and the easiest way to access and is the most cost effective approach to this research project as well. Veal (2006) confirms this by stating that secondary data often provides researchers with rapid answers to some questions at less cost than it would to undergo primary research. Furthermore, if there is enough secondary research to base the study on then it would be a waste of resources to collect new information for the same purposes (Veal, 2006).What is more, secondary research seemed more relevant than primary research. This was because there was wide variety of literature on the subject of dark tourism and ethical issues, sourced from University College Birmingham library, with many books containing relevant information, which will be discussed later. Primary Data The Oxford English Dictionary (2002) defines primary research which is collected for a specific and immediate research need There are many different ways in which to carry out primary research. In order of this research topic, the author found that many of the theories couldnt be backed up with primary data and with a suitable sample. For the purpose of this research project, primary research could be used to gather relevant data and access a large population of students at University College Birmingham and other universities situated in Birmingham. One of the core methods of carrying out primary research is through questionnaires. Mainly, there are two forms of questionnaires: open ended and closed ended. Open ended questionnaires are likely to have unlimited answers to a set of alternatives and likely to receive long answers. However, the difficulty is that they are difficult to analyse and as they seem to hand the baton of control over to the other person. Closed ended questions impose a direct risk to the validity of findings and can be answered with either a single word or a short phrase. Another form of primary research, which was considered were interviews. The Oxford English Dictionary (2002) defines interview as formal discussion between two parties in which information is exchanged. It is possible to say, that it is all about asking questions and receiving the answers. Therefore in this research project, due to difficulties in collecting the required data and access a large population for testing along the facilities required to carry out, a primary research would not be useful in gathering relevant data and the researcher will benefit further from analysing secondary data from literature. Obtaining Research The majority of secondary research for this dissertation was gathered from books, academically reviewed journals, on-line factual reports, newspapers and the internet. All this sources can justify the point of view of an author and provide relevant information about the research project. The most easily accessible secondary research method that the author of dissertation found was the usage text books. Text books were primarily used to gain background knowledge and obtain a wider understanding of specific topics. The advantage of using books is because it gives a clear understanding and academic information. As it was already mentioned before, this method was the easiest, because the researcher could get them not just from the University College Birmingham library, but also to the online library supplied by the University and other on-line organisations such as Amazon, EBay and Google. Key words had to be entered to find appropriate books from the on-line organisations and the library catalogue, the following key words were entered, dark tourism, dark tourism ethics, dark tourism and morality. There were some books which contained many different theories from the past to the present day. The researched decided that the most relevant authors for this research project were John Lennon and Malcolm Foley (2000) and Richard Sharpley and Phillip R.Stone (2009,a). Books for the methodology were found by entering the key words; research methods and methodology. The journals are preferred because they are accurate and provide up to date data, they are also more relevant to the topic as the dissertation is concentrated on the topic of consumers and providers point of views of dark tourism. The journals were accessed through academic search engines like Athens for example and journal databases such as ScienceDirect, Emerald Management Xtra. But unfortunately, these databases were not useful as they did not give any information on particular question, except ScienceDirect. Journals relating to the research topic were accessed with comfort as the researcher can type in key words and the database will present pages of journals that are associated with the key words. The key words the researcher typed in to each journal database were Dark tourism, ethical issues of dark tourism, ethics and morality, Dark tourism forum. To get more information, the researcher travelled to universities to view their journals however access to relevant information, w ere not as successful as it was to find them via the internet. On-line factual reports were used to obtain raw facts and figures; some of these reports include Mintel. Similarly to accessing the journals, key words were entered in order to retrieve the data, the key words that were entered were Dark tourism ethics, Dark tourism. Moreover, on-line articles were read in order to gain a wider perspective of the posed subject area. The usage of newspaper and internet will also be included in order to provide a variety of information and because they are easy of access. Newspapers are useful because they are up to date, however the information can be too subjective, and as for this particular topic of dark tourism, the researcher found newspapers not really useful, because of the lack of information on dark tourism. Internet was useful source of information; however the reader need to check if the source is reliable and information is updated. Websites are easy to access and easy to research information on and are also updated regularly. This variety of sources gives a better understanding of the subject. Construction of Design Out of all the research that has been taken, text books and academic journals were the most reliable and valid to use to back up any point. This is due to the fact that dark tourism is comparatively new phenomenon in tourism industry, books and academic journals are often published frequently throughout the year so the information that is provided is up to date. Furthermore, academic journals and text books are intensely reviewed by academic professionals before publication to ensure its validity. The author of dissertation aimed to gather resources that were only published after the year 1999 as this is relatively recent; however certain books have been used from a much earlier date due to their relevance to the research question. However, journals or books dated in the 80s or 90s will not consider as outdated. The selection of secondary data gathered has been published in a variety of places; it was thought that as the topic in question is ethical issue of dark tourism, then perhaps research published in a variety of countries would be useful to get a wide range of views from across the globe. Advantages and Disadvantages of Research Methods Although secondary research was the ideal research method to use for this research project, it does hold some disadvantages. There is always the risk that the author could include their own opinions, so they can strongly sway towards one point and books can be not updated on a regular basis. Also, with academic journals, there are many accurate topics and findings, however a fee is charged for many of them, some of which are only available to a certain group of people making them hard or even impossible to access, this could put a strain on the researchers findings. As for Mintel, some of reports were helpful, but not published yet for audience. Furthermore, Ghosh and Chopra (2003) mention that although it is more cost effective and less time consuming, the secondary research may not be as accurate as the researcher had hoped. Besides this, secondary research still remained ideal for the dissertation as the quality of data obtained can be better than the quality of primary research, as information gained through secondary sources could have been obtained using better and more advanced resources. Moreover, because of the lack of time and financial situation, secondary research was primarily used as being cost effective and less time consuming, it is also easy to access as it does not require any additional resources. Primary research was considered due to the fact that it is useful to gather relevant data and access a large population of students tailored to the researchers needs. However, it was rejected due to the lack of experience, funds and resources which could give a limit to the quality of the data gathered and as a result, being unsuccessful (Kumar, 2005). The researcher does not have any experience in carrying out primary research so in order to make the research project successful, it would be inappropriate for primary research to be undergone for this dissertation, and it would make more sense for the researcher to analyse findings from previous and more experienced researchers and academic professionals. Plan for Data Analysis As there is a variety of secondary information gathered, it is necessary for the researcher to analyse them carefully. This variety of sources gives a better understanding of the subject. Once it has all been collected, it will be thoroughly analysed to determine its validity and reliability, and those that are not pertinent will be rejected from being used for the dissertation. It is important that validity is measured carefully as Kirk and Miller (1986, p.71) mentions that perfect validity entails perfect reliability. In order to evaluate the collected research, the researcher will read over it and make their own judgments based on a number of factors surrounding it for example, the sources in which the information was collected from and the method in which the sources were collected. When applying the frame work, the researcher will use it to assess different aspects of the dark tourism ethics to conclude by providing final results to the aim. Summary This methodology has evaluated and justified the choice of research design for this dissertation. As secondary research is being used, the researcher has analysed this type of research by describing the advantages and disadvantages of it. After the collected research has been evaluated, the findings will be analysed and discussed in the following section. Analysis and Evaluation This section is essential as the researcher will be analysing and evaluating the findings of the research project. The main aspects of the results which were found in the data discussed in the literature review will be approached carefully in order to weigh up the arguments effectively. Dark tourism and ethical issues Among the more established dilemmas of dark tourism is ethics and morality. Dark tourism has often raised ethical debates and discussions about the ways in which leisure time and pleasure are mixed with tragedy (Kempa and Strange, 2003), as many people think some sites of dark tourism are too sensitive to present it for the world to see. In addition, management of dark tourism attraction is a sensitive issue which is difficult to undertake, and Tunbridge and Ashworth (1996) observed the misuse and abuse of sacred values for market benefit and entertainment purposes are more likely to occur at atrocity site than at other heritage sites. Moreover, as Stone (2009,a) states, the rights of those whose death is commoditised or commercialised through dark tourism represent an important ethical and moral dimension, which deserves depth consideration. However, although this may be the case, it actually varies depending on the sh

Analysis Of The Gattaca Film Film Studies Essay

Analysis Of The Gattaca Film Film Studies Essay The film Gattaca explores the possibilities of future technology development, and the way in which these advances would affect society. For example, would a society composed of two distinct social classes, and the inequality between them really be an advance? Those who are not genetically manipulated to so -called perfection in a lab, but naturally conceived, are given the name in-valid god children or de-gene-erates , and are treated as second class. Natural conception in the not too distant future is rejected in the society of Gattaca, with genetic manipulation seen as what has become the natural way. Due to the discrimination of in-valids, what would present days multiculturalism and racial diversity be in a time such as that of Gattaca? Would the importance of individuality or personal identity be discarded? As Vincent tells the viewer: Today we have discrimination down to a science. Gattacas plot and character portrayal asks the viewer this, showing us that unique genetic makeup wouldnt matter- infact, personal qualities would be scrutinised, pushed aside and unwanted. It is clear that director Andrew Niccol aims to inform the viewer of this through such examples as Irenes heart defect which doesnt allow her to pursue her dream, even though she is a valid. Another example is Vincents only way to be accepted into society is to lie and assume a valids identity. Technology enables Vincent to do so, but infact it is technology that first leads to Vincents rejection from his surrounding world, as he was naturally conceived, and therefore is constant suffering under the burden to somehow be equally accepted. I believe Niccols message to the viewer is that in order to truly benefit from the power to change the environment, such as advances in technology giving us the ability to genetically manipulate, we first have to consider both the advantages and disadvantages of our actions to fully understand them. For instance, we must ask ourselves should equality, ambition and individuality be traded for catergorisation in an institutional system with distinction. As actor Jude Law, who plays Jerome, says: Andrew creates this manicured world in which human feelings are trying to burst out, in which the quest to make a better society has destroyed individuality. So if we were to live in a future such as that of Gattaca, wouldnt we lose more than we would gain? Explain the meaning of the quotes in the pre-exposition sequence. Which of these quotes is best supported by the film text? Consider Gods handiwork: who can straighten what he hath made crooked? Ecclesiastes 7:11 I feel this quote is the moral to be learnt within the films plot, as it asks the viewer why fix what isnt broken? In the society of Gattaca, wealth determines fate; what parents can afford decides how perfect their child will be. This raises the issue of in-valids separation from valids (and the whole surrounding society), and the suffocation of in-valids desires. This can be referred to with Vincent, as his longing to journey to space. The social hierarchy and racial differences in Gattaca therefore leave in-valids ultimately no reason to live. For instance, Vincent didnt have high expectations set on him by his parents as he was an in-valid, but still managed to pursue his dreams- only by following societys mould (appearing as a valid). This quote represents the idea that imperfections should be appreciated rather than dismissed, and that nature, despite its flaws is preferable to a genetically engineered existence due to its consequences. The viewer is shown that the importance o f individualism in nature is too valuable and complex to be overridden by genetics. I therefore feel that this quote more strongly supports the films plot and character portrayal. I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature. I think Mother wants us to. William Gaylin This quote, contradicting the previous, represents the opposing opinion that perhaps God himself is not perfect, as He created a flawed world, and that having the ability to change it means we should change it. The need to perfect Mother Nature is a temptation, which increases whilst technology continues to make this ability even more obtainable. By showing the viewer what the future may bring, Niccol is hinting that society is being constantly challenged whether to interfere with what has been provided for us even today, and that these early signs may lead to such manipulating in Gattaca along with its consequences. Surely we should take advantage of technological advances, but will correcting Gods mistakes really result in a more beneficial outcome? This quote is representing what is presented to the viewer directly through the films plot and character portrayal, asking the advantages of humans adopting a God-like power to be considered. But due to the blurred line between health a nd enhancement that Niccol informs us of, a constant need to perfect will always be present. So should we eliminate Gods mistakes if we are able to? Would grasping an opportunity in reach seem logical? This quote suggests the approach: Sure. Why not? Question 3: How have the film makers established the difference between the natural born Vincent and the genetically selected Anton in the sequence that shows them as children? (E.g. camera shots and angles, lighting and symbolism) To convey the difference between Vincent and his brother Anton, certain lighting and camera angles are used. For instance, Vincent is conceived at the sea at sunset; in a natural setting expressing calmness. The waves gently lap the shore, also indicating calmness and serenity, and this Vincent will be a product of nature rather than a lab. The close-up of rosary beads and a Christian cross indicate that that a God-child will be born to this couple, and that natural and religious beliefs have influenced Vincents conception. The fading light represents the beginning of a new day, but the viewer is given the impressions that Vincents birth will bring turmoil to his parents. By the doctors and Vincents parents expressions after Vincent is born, the beginning of Vincents rejection from society is immediately shown. This instant elimination from birth is emphasised when the viewer is told of Vincents life expectancy, a short 30.2 years, and his father reacts to this. Other negative data s uch as Vincents heart defect and ADHD probability is determined without delay to establish if Vincent is worthy of any acceptance. By only informing the viewer of Vincents probable deficiencies, and not the benefits, this again adds to Vincent appearing incapable and excluded ever since the moment he was born. The hospital scene uses the same low, hazy lighting as that of Vincents conception. This is not an expected light in a surgical environment, as it is gloomy, with the only light coming from the windows. This same washed out sepia tone is seen when Vincent, as a toddler, falls and his mother over-anxiously runs to him. In this scene, we are again shown Vincents incapability, appearing weak and dependent. This lighting used also portrays the characters emotions; for example, low, gloomy light indicates uncertainty and doubt when Vincent is born. The closing of the iron-bar gate at the preschool where Vincent is denied admission indicates not only Vincents rejections, but also th e rejection his parents suffer, as they are made to feel ashamed to have brought such a burden into a perfect world. The bars represent exclusion; being locked in or locked out, and Vincent and his parents are definitely being almost banned like a contagious disease from which separation is necessary. The low gloomy light throughout Vincents childhood is used to express that these are not bright, happy memories, but a different recollection. This same light is again used when Vincents parents visit the geneticist. In this scene, one specific recurring motif is referred to. This is the helix, which can be seen extensively in the structure of staircases and also the toy that Vincent is playing with. Perhaps the playing with of this toy represents the question should genetics be toyed with, and if so, should it be treated like childs play? The use of the helix motif within the staircase at the geneticists perhaps represents Gattacas society rising to new heights and understandings of s uch things as technology and genetic manipulation. When we are first introduced to Anton, a noticeable change in lighting is evident. When his father is measuring his height, Anton is bathed in a golden, glowing light; almost heavenly, as he is worthy of praise and his fathers name, whereas Vincent was not. The sets colour is richer and the positioning of the characters in the scene indicates that Vincent is left behind, and that his parents and Anton have formed their own family unit that doesnt involve Vincent. Infact, he has been pushed aside in his impurity. The viewer is shown by the measurements of the brothers that at age eight, Anton is taller, better looking and has a broader figure than Vincent, who at age ten is smaller, skinner and wears glasses. Through this comparison, we are shown which brother is stronger and ultimately, which is better. When Vincent erases is own name from beneath his brothers it is clear that Vincent is feeling the impact of this constant judgment. The fact that Vincents parent chose to have another son adds to the competitiveness of this comparison. For example, strengths and weaknesses wouldnt have been so obvious if Vincent was to have a sister. The family unit excluding Vincent that has been formed can again be referred to when Vincent is shown sitting apart from Anton and his parents eating breakfast. The viewer is shown Vincent feeding himself intellectually with a book, whereas Anton just eats; he has no excuse to fail, therefore not needing this source. The first game of chicken, when Vincent and Anton are children, we see Anton refusing to be Vincents blood brother, as he fears contamination by inferior blood. Whilst the boys swim, an aerial shot is used, showing Anton being more physically capable than his brother, strongly swimming ahead. A high camera angle is then used to show a defeated, helpless Vincent suffering in his difficulty. Genetics superiority is portrayed, and the viewer is shown Vincent in a defenceless position, again appearing the weaker. Also, when Vincent lays out his model solar system, Anton snatches Pluto (an apple), low camera angles are used when Anton is shown, giving a sense of superiority, in contrast to the high camera angles looking down on Vincent, giving the impression that that he is the impure; the son who wasnt worthy of thus fathers name. Question 4: Consider the implications of the names of the main characters: Vincent Freeman and Jerome Morrow. Vincent Freeman, being an in-valid, is not as his name implies. The name Vincent, meaning victorious and to conquer, could be an oxymoron, as is Vincents surname. Freeman, meaning one not to be forbidden by law; in other words, free to do as he pleases, is not how Vincent is seen as through societys discriminative eyes. Vincent cannot turn his dream into a reality without changing the way in which he is observed by surrounding valids (assuming the identity of a valid). Therefore he is not victorious or conquering in the beginning, but by the end of the film, he does manage to journey to Titan despite being discovered a broken ladder. So, perhaps the name Vincent Freeman is an indication of the characters journey throughout the films plot; Vincent tells us: it all began when he first saved Antons whilst playing chicken. This is the moment when Vincent discovers he has the strength and determination to excel in his hostile world, and the instant he realises that his goal is possible to be achieved, he doesnt once look back. In the end, it seems this name may well be suitable for Vincent, having the ability to fulfil his desire of journeying to space, conquering and breaking free of restraint set upon him (his family, for instance) and victoriously overruling genetic superiority with the power of the natural human spirit. For what its worth, Im here to tell you that it is possible, Vincent tells Irene. Vincent journey of aspiring and determination shows the viewer this. Jerome Morrow: The name Jerome, meaning holy, indicates Jerome as being the desires result; a valid. The meaning of Morrow is sea warrior. This relates to Jeromes swimming past and him winning silver instead of gold. The meaning sea warrior, no longer appropriate as he no longer has the physical ability to swim, could be a taunt towards Jerome, indicating that he is drowning in a sea of defeat and self-pity due to not meeting his genetic profile by coming second. Also, the fact that his suicide plan didnt go to plan indicates his failure to win. Perhaps Morrow may be an intentional rhyme with sorrow; as Vincent tells: He (Jerome) had everything except desire. Alternatively, Jeromes surname may also be related to the question do we really want tomorrow to become what we see in Gattaca? with genetics ruling over human spirit and individuality. This is perhaps a slight warning to the viewer: would this be a new hope or burden? Jerome has no intention of seeing tomorrow. Infact he has wanted to, and tried to, escape from tomorrow every since he was second best. Jerome realises that having helped Vincent pursue his goal, he no longer needed to exist in tomorrow, and decided to leave on a high note taking his failures with him, rather than falling back down into his sea to drown in sorrow. Later, Jerome asks Vincent to call him Eugene. This is extremely close to the word eugenics, which is the study and practice of selective breeding applied to humans. Also, the meaning of the name Eugene is well born, noble, which is exactly what Jerome is. Vincent tells Jerome: Jerome Morrow. Its a nice name. To which Jerome replies: Its my name. But I cant be you without it, Vincent says. So even though Jerome is giving away his first name (meaning holy) to Vincent, he still owns a sense of superiority by using the name Eugene. This allows him to still feel he has an identity, although most of it was given to Vincent. Question 5: What is the significance of being an in-valid? Imagine a society in which there were two distinct groups: valids and in-valids. Suppose you were born an in-valid; you were a victim of discrimination, or genoism. How would you truly feel? We can see that the in-valids are assigned the menial jobs- the jobs they cannot escape from due to their imperfections at birth. No matter how hard Vincent tried and longed to be accepted for his difference, being an in-valid would never allow him to be. Fate was never on Vincents side right from the start, as the constant comparison between him and Anton was the underlying discrimination that was the foundation of Vincents segregation from society. For instance, Vincent tells us: Today we have discrimination down to a science. Also, both Vincent and Irene had heart conditions, although Irene was a valid and Vincent an in-valid. Perhaps Irenes validness is an indication that genetics perfect creations dont always guarantee ideal results. The definition of in-valid, weak and sickly; one who is in capacitated by a chronic illness or disability, is strongly related to Vincents incapability to live up to the desired result: a flawless being who fits comfortably inside the mould created for them ever since their new natural conception. The definition of valid is producing the desired result, having legal force, legitimate; all of these things Vincent cannot aspire to as he simply forbidden to even try. For instance Anton tells him: I have a right to be here, you dont. To which Vincent later replies: Do you have any idea what it took to get in here? This is an indication of Vincent achievement of entering Gattaca, but there are still further stars to reach for (journeying to space). Think about the word in-valid. Why the hyphen? The hyphen turns invalid (an adjective) into in-valid (a noun). But maybe the use of the hyphen is deeper than that. Perhaps this is another indication of the isolation of in-valids. The hyphen separates the two; those apparently pure and impure. Question 6: Discuss the frequent references to swimming in the text; in what ways have the film makers given this significance? Swimming is a recurring motif in Gattaca and significant indications of this can be referred to several times throughout the film. The first time is when Vincent and Anton playing chicken, and when Anton wins, the impression is given that his determination to be the superior brother is already present. This is implying genetic superiority mainly on a physically level. The second game of chicken was when it all began; Vincent is shown as a product of a natural world, thriving in the few aspects of natural world that still exists in an artificial world. Thus this is why Vincent finds his inner strength in the ocean, something too large to be manipulated by mankinds ignorance. Also in the second game, clearer water symbolises fewer obstacles for Vincent in achieving his goal. Although we are asked to consider the survival of the fittest idea, by Vincent saving Anton, the survival of the mentally fittest is suggested. Through the games of chicken we are shown that swimming is still a familiar physical activity in the future, despite technological advances, genetic manipulation and social hierarchy that may occur. The recurring swimming theme is also an indication of a source of equality between valids and in-valids, as swimming is something that surprisingly doesnt require the correct genetic makeup or physical ability (well, perhaps it does in Jeromes case).The viewer is told that adaption is necessary in order to survive- this is referring to the unpredictability of evolution, and again the survival of the fittest is referred to. Next we discover Jerome was a champion swimmer, as he had the ideal genetic profile, but becoming paralysed meant he was no longer physically capable. When we see Jerome climbing the stairs, we could say it was almost a swimming action, with the use of his arms pulling him forward. As swimming gets one from A to B, maybe a journey is to be acknowledged. This may be Vincent realising the power of his determination and inner strength. We first see this when he rescues Anton in the first game of chicken; Vincent has the capability to win despite his in-validity. When Anton, as an adult, is shown swimming in a tank alone, the viewer is given the impressions he is racing against himself, trying the make up for his earlier losses to Vincent. Perhaps he is trying to erase the fact that an in-valid somehow was able to defy his genetic perfection- twice. In his tank, Anton is going nowhere. Here the viewer is again being shown that once a genetically manipulated human, a valid, reaches their full potential, they neither feel the need to reach higher, pushing themselves to mentally be the best, or have the ability to. On the other hand, we could argue that Antons case is different, as he believes he is the stronger brother, and that if he continues to push himself he can be better still. Another example of this is when we see Vincent intellectually feeding himself at breakfast, whereas Anton was eating food. Finally, with Vincent winning again the third game of chicken, this delivers the films main theme, telling that human spirit along with the creative chaos of individuality will overrule genetic superiority and a perfect society no matter what. Question 7: What is the significance of the recurring ocean motif in the text; in what ways have the film makers given this significance? The ocean motif in Gattaca represents the one thing that remains natural, as its vastness, power and unpredictability make it impossible to be influenced by the genetic and scientific manipulation of this artificial world. We are first given reference to the ocean at the time of Vincents conception, and this is the first connection between Vincent and nature that is represented. Also, as water can represent uncertainty perhaps this is a suggestion of the unpredictability of Vincents birth, as his parents left fate to deal him an unpredictable genetic profile. Next, the ocean is involved in Vincent and Antons first game of chicken. In this scene we are shown not only the strength of the characters, but also of the ocean. In the second game of chicken we see the oceans ability to cause danger, even leading to death. Also, Anton beneath the surface of the water perhaps indicates deeper meanings; entering the next layer of understanding. For example, after Anton is rescued by Vincent, this is when Vincent realises that although he may be an in-valid in a sea of valids, he has the determination to keep afloat and succeed in his natural setting. The love scene between Vincent and Irene also involves the ocean. This could represent a new beginning of calmness and trust, as the waves in this scene are gentle and placid, unlike those of the third game of chicken in which we again are shown links between the characters emotions and the oceans chaos, manipulation of fears, brutality and ability to take lives. When we are shown Vincent scrubbing himself on the shore at Irenes, the oceans ability to cleanse and revitalise is symbolised. This could also represent the timeline of a typical day in Vincents life; the ocean washes away the struggle of the day to prepare Vincent for another day of treading water in his vicious sea of genetic manipulation and genoism, in which he feels he is slowly drowning. Question 8: Set in the not too distant future the film has a very retro look. Why is this? The retro theme consistent throughout the film is used to subtly hint that society regrets its decision of adopting a god-like power allowing the ability to genetically manipulate, and wishes to return to the past days when the natural way was natural conception and social equality. By living in a futuristic world combined with aspects of life trying to act as those true of the past, we can see that the society of Gattaca wont accept their mistakes, believing they werent made to begin with. Genetic manipulation hasnt resulted in the outcome they expected, and they are now clinging to all that is left of the untouched past. Infact, society didnt really have an expectation of what genetically manipulating would bring; the disadvantages obviously werent considered, because if they had been, the segregation between valids and in-valids wouldnt have been so strong. Through this, the film makers are portraying the message that if we were to tamper with genetics, assuming superiority over t he environment, we would most likely regret it. The definition of retro is reminiscent of things past; not old but harking back. This relates to the society of Gattaca imitating fashions of the past whilst simultaneously incorporating modern twist. We can see this through such fashions, for instance the circa 1950s dresses worn at the piano recital, Irenes hairstyle while she is with Vincent at the nightclub and the cars of the time, especially Irenes. These imitations indicate future societys wistful longing for something (this being returning to the past) but not being able to as the line has been crossed and changes already occurred; perfection now divides humanity- if we can still call it humanity, that is. The retro look maybe also be used to allow the viewer to relate to the feelings of the characters and films plot, indicating that aspects of a Gattaca future are already present in our everyday lives today, and that if society isnt careful a similar future is perhaps as not as far away as we expect. Hence the used not-too-distant-future phrase. We must also not forget that this film was filmed in the early 1990s, and that the fashion influences of this era may have affected the films set and props. Question 9: Vincent challenges the dominant ideology of the time whereas Irene accepts it. Give evidence to support this statement. There is a clear difference in the way the characters of Vincent and Irene are portrayed. For example, Vincent tells us: I was never more certain how far away from my goal (of journeying to space) than when I was standing right beside it. Through this quote, Vincents determination to break free of the stereotypical mould that has been created for him and all in-valids is shown. A subtle hint that he rebels against societys control and manipulation is that he has lived past his life expectancy of 30.2 years. We can see that Vincent constantly questions the orderliness and precision of the world of Gattaca when he asks such things as: I dont need rescuing, but you did once. Here Vincent is fighting for an answer, perhaps not from just Anton, but from society as a whole; as if saying how do you explain that? Use your technology and genetic manipulation to figure that out. Another example of Vincents longing to escape from the judgement of belonging to the contaminated world is the comme nt he makes after his janitor boss tells him not to clean the glass too well, as Vincent might get ideas. Vincent, who has had enough of being left below with his lower class by valids on ascending escalators into Gattaca, smugly replies: Youll be able to see me when Im on the other side of it. This is yet another indication of his continuous fight in this losing battle, which does pay off for Vincent in the end. Irene on the other hand accepts the genetic hand she was dealt. Director, Niccol tells us: I think of Irene as someone who would lie down at the allotted minute as she would feel guilty for a minute longer than her profile proscribed. Vincent, who has lived past his 30.2 years, obviously doesnt feel the same way as Irene, does he? Irene first seems attracted to Vincent due to his perfect genes. But she doesnt act on her feelings for him immediately, as her obedience to societys ideology means that spontaneous relationships would be out of the question; almost impossible. Irene checks Vincents (Jeromes) genetic profile as she is interested in him, and is disappointed when she finds he is 9.3, quite a catch. As her thoughts are driven by the manipulation societys ideology has over her, she immediately presumes the curiosity wouldnt be mutual; that Vincent could do better than someone with a heart defect. We should say that Irene unwillingly accepts the ideology of society. She tells Vincent; The only trip Ill take in space is around the sun on this satellite right here. This is a sign of Irenes subtle jealously that Vincent excels in what she could only dream of obtaining- true perfection. After she asks Vincent about watching every single launch and tells him that he is the only one who watches them, she says: If youre going to pretend that you dont care, dont look up. Her saying this indicates that the small things that seem trivial to valids, as they are in reach to them, seem unavailable (like a goal they will aim to achieve in time) to in-valids, as they have been excluded from such things. Irene supports and protects Vincent, even perhaps slightly undertaking a motherly role towards him. For example, she tells him to leave work and maintains the deception with Jerome when Anton investigates. Admiring his refusal to accept his genetic fate, this allows her to challenge her own f laws, especially her weak heart. Vincent tells Irene: You are the authority on what is not possible, arent you? Theyve got you looking for any flaw that after a while, thats all you see. Perhaps Vincent is referring to the flaws she sees within herself, and how she continues to allow these deficiencies to dictate her life, forcing her to abide by societys rules. He later tells her: It is possible. Yes it is, and Vincents journey and achievement is proof that it is possible. Question 10: Do the right genes guarantee success? If not, then what does? The characters journey and experiences throughout the film show that genetic manipulation wont necessary result in perfection; infact, the viewer is shown that the diversity of untouched human nature will always be preferred over an institutional, influenced society. As producer, Stacey Sher says: In this society, there is no triumph because everything is predicted from birth, so there is always a hollowness to success. This is a world in which everyone is so obsessed with living longer that they no longer know how to be truly alive. Instead of manipulated fate, it is the strength an individual intellectually holds that truly determines the future of an individual. For instance, we can compare Anton and Vincent. Anton, the favourable brother, turns out to work for the police force; not an over-successful role, just a middle class job. In other words, Anton doesnt live up to his pre-determined future as he only becomes a detective. Not to mention, he lost two out of three games of chicken, which shows that genes are not the only thing that determines fate. Vincent on the other hand manages to achieve the impossible. Surely this should be seen as successful? Vincent reaches his goal, whereas Anton never set any in the first place; this doesnt show any willpower and aggression on Antons behalf. He was supposedly the son worthy of his fathers name, but he wasnt so worthy in the end. The next valid, Jerome, also shows genetic manipulation to be unfavourable. He lacks spirit and strength of character to succeed, as Niccol tells us when he says: He (Jerome) was the very antithesis of Vincent. Vincent inspires Jerome, who overcomes suffering under the burden of perfection, with everything except desire. If a determined fate is such a miracle, why didnt Jerome come first in his swimming race? Also, it is obvious that trying to commit suicide isnt very successful. We are told that even before his accident, Jerome was lacking in the attributes that make life most worth living by Sher. So it seems that the pressure of being expected to meet such expectations in a way impacted Jeromes life heavily. Perhaps he felt that whenever he was not perfect, when he made a mistake, that his actions were scrutinised; that the manicured world he belonged to was constantly analysing him as an experiment or the closest thing to flawlessness. In-valids wouldnt suffer under this burden o f perfection. This is therefore another indication from the film makers that human nature will always triumph over eugenics. It took the satisfaction of helping Vincent achieve his dream for Jerome to realise what really mattered in both the valid and in-valid world. I think this is why Jeromes silver medal changes to gold in the end, as this is the moment he truly succeeds, realising that genetics dont rule over everything. Irene, a valid, had her own flaws too. She not only had a heart condition, but also the ability to feel the emotion of jealousy, and she had no self-motivation. A valid, like Jerome, she also needed the inspiration of Vincents aggression and strength of mind to become inspired herself. Discrimination against in-valids is only supported by the assumption that genetic manipulation perfects without a doubt. So where is the proof that pre-determined fate is truly an advantage? In contrast, there is proof that individuality can and does survive, despite all discrimination of in-validity. This proof is Vincent, his experiences of fighting in a faultless world, and the journey he goes on to accomplish his dream.